Introduction
Counterclockwise from Egypt to Iberia, write in the following order.
Egypt, Asia, around the Black Sea, Thracia, Macedonia, Illyria, Thesprotia, Molossia, Iberia. (The Anatolia Peninsula is excluded.)
Italy is described in ''Emigration to Italy.''
The era of colonization of Ionia and Aeolis is described in "Asia Minor Colony".
The Anatolia Peninsula is described in ''Bronze Age History of Anatolia.
2 Egypt
2.1 Founding of Thebes
In 1580 BC, part of the Ectenes, led by Ogygus, migrated from Boeotia to Egypt and founded Thebes. [1]
The town was named after Ogygus' daughter Thebe. [2]
This Thebes is not Thebes (present-day Luxor) in Upper Egypt, but is located in the NileDelta, and is thought to be the town where Cadmus lived. [3]
Ogygus, the father of Thebe, was a descendant of Ogygus from the time of the Flood. [4]
2.2 Founding of Sais
Telegonus' father, who emigrated to Egypt with Ogygus in 1580 BC, founded Sais. [5]
Telegonus married Io, the daughter of Iasus, who had immigrated to Egypt from Argos, and Cranaus, the second king of Athens, was born. [6]
Cecrops, the first king of Athens, was the brother of Telegonus. [7]
2.3 Emigration to Athens
In 1562 BC, Cecrops emigrated from Sais to Attica and became the first king of Athens. [8]
The people Cecrops led were the children of those who emigrated from Boeotia to Egypt when Cecrops was a child.
In addition to the Greek he learned as a child, Cecrops also spoke the language he had learned in his place of emigration.
The name Diphyes (two-formed) given to Cecrops meant "speaks two languages." [9]
In 1525 BC, Cranaus emigrated from Sais to Attica. [10]
Herodotus writes that the Athenians of ancient times were the Pelasgians, who at that time were called by the name Cranaans. [11]
The Pelasgians, who migrated from Argos to Egypt with Io, the daughter of Iasus, migrated to Athens with Cranaus, the son of Io.
In 1492 BC, Cranaus' grandson Erichthonius emigrated from Sais to Athens, expelled Amphictyon, and became the fourth king of Athens. [12]
2.4 Emigration from Argos
In 1560 BC, Iasus, son of Triopas, led a group of immigrants from Argos to Egypt. [13]
Io, the daughter of Iasus, married Telegonus of Sais, and Epaphus was born. [14]
2.5 Founding of Memphis
In 1535 BC, Epaphus, son of Telegonus, migrated from Sais upstream to the NileDelta and founded Memphis. [15]
2.6 Emigration to Greece
In 1430 BC, Greek immigrants living in the NileDelta fled Egypt under pressure from Pharaoh Thutmose III of the 18th Dynasty. [16]
Details are described in ''The escape of Greek immigrants from Egypt.''
2.7 Emigration from Rhodes
In 1415 BC, Auges (or Actis, Actics, Atlas), son of Rhodos, emigrated from Rhodes to Egypt and founded Heliopolis. [17]
Auges taught Maceris (Egyptian Heracles, or Phoenician Heracles) the knowledge of the stars. [18]
2.8 Emigration from Argos
In 1402 BC, Archander, son of Achaeus, migrated from Argos to Egypt and founded Archandropolis in the NileDelta. [19]
About 40 km northeast of that town was Chemmis, where Archander's wife Scaea, the daughter of Danaus, spent her childhood. [20]
Accompanying Archander were Cyrene and her son Aristaeus, whom he had married in Thessaly. [21]
2.9 Emigration to Ethiopia
In 1390 BC, Archander's son Belus led the inhabitants of Archandropolis in the NileDelta, which had been devastated by a great tsunami, to move to the northwestern part of the Anatolian peninsula, near the mouth of the Aesepus River. [22]
The Belus settlement was called Ethiopia, and the people living there were called Ethiopians. [23]
Accompanying the Belus emigrants were Aeetes, who migrated from Corinth to Colchis, Boreas, who migrated from Athens to Thracia, and Ceryx, who migrated from Eleusis to Thracia.
Some of the people who left Egypt with Belus also settled in Colchis, proving that Belus and Aeetes were working together. [24]
2.10 Emigration to Sardinia
In 1390 BC, Sardus, son of Maceris, led the inhabitants of Canopus in the NileDelta, which had been affected by a great tsunami, to migrate to Sardinia. [25]
There is a ''Temple of Father Sardus'' in the southwestern part of Sardinia, and it is thought that Sardus migrated to the vicinity. [26]
2.11 Emigration from Argos
In 1387 BC, after the death of Abas, son of Lynceus, Abas' son Proetus exiled his twin brother Acrisius from Argos. [27]
Acrisius and Proetus were estimated to be 13 years old at the time, and the conflict was not an act of their own volition, but rather their supporters.
Acrisius emigrated from Argos to Egypt.
Archander, the son of Achaeus, who was the guardian of Abas, the father of Acrisius, had immigrated to Egypt fifteen years earlier.
Archander built Archandropolis, which was damaged by a great tsunami, and Acrisius lived in Chemmis. [28]
Acrisius married Aganippe, presumed to be the daughter of Archander and Scaea, and they had a daughter, Danae. [29]
2.12 Emigration to Sardinia
In 1372 BC, Aristaeus, son of Cyrene, emigrated from Egypt to Sardinia. [30]
Aristaeus founded Caralis in the southern part of Sardinia. [31]
Caralis was near the settlement of Sardus, which had been settled some time before.
2.13 Emigration to Argos
In 1370 BC, Acrisius returned from Egypt to Argos and expelled Proetus. [32]
Acrisius' wife Aganippe and their daughter Danae remained in Chemmis of Egypt, where Perseus was born. [33]
2.14 Emigration to Argos
In 1349 BC, Acrisius brought Perseus, the son of Danae from Egypt, back to Argos to become his successor. Legend has it that Perseus was forcibly taken away from his mother, Danae, who also had a son named Daunus. [34]
2.15 Emigration to Italy
In 1341 BC, Acrisius' daughter Danae led a colony from Egypt on her way to Sardinia when she was caught in a storm and washed ashore on the west coast of the Italian peninsula, where she founded Ardea. [35]
Daunus, son of Danae, inherited Ardea. [36]
Turnus, the Rutuli chieftain who died fighting Aeneas in 1182 BC, was a descendant of Daunus. [37]
3 Asia (excluding Anatolia Peninsula)
3.1 Marriage from Egypt to Tyre
In 1562 BC, Herse, daughter of Cecrops, married Tyre of Phoenicia, either on his journey from Egypt to Athens, or even earlier. [38]
3.2 Emigration from Egypt to Tyre
In 1430 BC, Agenor's son Phoenix migrated from Thebes in Egypt to Tyre in Phoenicia. [39]
Phoenix had taken Perimede, daughter of Oeneus, as his wife before the migration. [40]
Oeneus appears to be the great-grandson of Cecrops' daughter Herse, who married Tyre. [41]
3.3 Emigration from Egypt to Sidon
In 1430 BC, Agenor, son of Libya, migrated from Thebes in Egypt to Sidon in Phoenicia. [42]
Like Danaus, the cause of their migration seems to have been pressure from the Egyptian dynasty.
Agenor chose Sidon as the place to settle because his son Phoenix had taken his wife Perimede from that region. [43]
3.4 Emigration from Sidon to Thracia
In 1426 BC, Cadmus, son of Agenor, sailed from Sidon with a group of immigrants. [44]
It was Astynous, son of Phaethon, son of Tithonus, son of Cephalus, son of Herse, who lived in Tire, who provided ships for the Cadmus emigrants. Astynous, along with his son Sandocus, sent a group of immigrants led by Cadmus via Samothrace to Thracia, and returned to Tire. [45]
Cadmus migrated to the north side of the Chalcidice peninsula in Thracia. [46]
3.5 Emigration from Sidon to Calliste
In 1425 BC, Membliarus, son of Poeciles, who was among the Cadmus emigrants, landed on Calliste (later Thera) with some people and settled on the island. [47]
In 1099 BC, Theras, son of Autesion, led a group of immigrants from Lacedaemon to the island of Calliste. [48]
The island's volcano erupted at least twice between the time of Cadmus and Theras. However, the descendants of those who colonized the island with Membliarus survived. [49]
3.6 Marriage from Sidon to Crete
3.6.1 Phoenix's daughter Europa
In 1425 BC, Europa, daughter of Phoenix, who was among the settlers of Cadmus, married Cydon, son of Tegeates. Cydon migrated from Tegea in Arcadia to northwest Crete in 1450 BC and founded Cydonia. [50]
3.6.2 Phoenix's daughter Astypalaea
In 1425 BC, Phoenix's daughter Astypalaea, who was among the Cadmus emigrants, married Acmon (or Celmis, Damnameneus, Ideaan Heracles) of Aptera. [51]
Astypalaea migrated with Acmon to Olympia, and then to Caria, opposite Rhodes. [52]
Ancaeus, son of Astypalaea, became king of the Leleges. [53]
4 Around the Black Sea (excluding Anatolia Peninsula and Thracia)
4.1 Emigration to Colchis
In 1390 BC, Aeetes, the son of Sisyphus, migrated from Ephyraea (later Corinth) to Colchis on the eastern coast of the Black Sea after a major tsunami. [54]
Aeetes was the first Greeks to migrate to the Black Sea coast.
4.2 Emigration to the Land of Hyperboreans
In 1365 BC, the sons of Boreas, Zetes and Calais, migrated to the land of the Hyperboreans. [55]
The island inhabited by the Hyperboreans was the island in a river, where the Triballians took refuge when Alexander the Great later attacked Thracia. The island was located 22 km upstream from the Sacred Mouth, the largest of the seven estuaries of the Ister (now Danube) River, which flows into the west coast of the Black Sea. The island was surrounded by cliffs and was called Peuce. [56]
Even after forming friendly relations with Alexander the Great, the Triballians did not allow him to land on the island. [57]
4.3 Emigration to Colchis
In 1360 BC, Asterios, son of Minos, son of Europa, migrated to Colchis. [58]
4.3.1 Long distance marriage between Minos and Pasiphae
The second Minos took as his wife Pasiphae, sister of Aeetes of Colchis. [59]
Crete and Colchis are over 1,600 km apart.
It is presumed that the marriage between these two was concluded as follows.
Asterios grew up in Amnisos of Crete. [60]
In 1390 BC, Asterios was affected by a great tsunami and moved to Troad with his father Minos. [61]
Asterios was married to the daughter of Chalciope (or Iophossa, Euenia), a daughter of Aeetes who lived in Colchis, and Perseis (or Perse) was born. [62]
Perseis married the son of Phineus, who lived in Tauric Chersonese, and Pasiphae was born. [63]
Belus, the father of Phineus, was a member of the immigrant group of Perseis' great-grandfather Aeetes.
Asterios, the maternal grandfather of the second Minos wife Pasiphae, was the son of the first Minos.
Pasiphae's brother Aeetes lived in Cytaea (or Cyta) in Colchis. [64]
4.3.2 Colchis, the land of gold
When Asterios migrated to Colchis, Idaean Dactyli accompanied him. They were mining gold at Astyra near Abydus on the Troad. [65]
Colchis was rich in gold and silver and gave rise to stories of the expeditions of the Argonauts. [66]
4.3.3 Influence of Asterios's Migration
With the migration of Asterios, the three sons of Phrixus, Presbon, Melas, and Cytissorus, left Colchis and migrated to various places.
Later, Medea, a descendant of Aeetes, son of Sisyphus, was welcomed to Corinth, so it does not appear that there was a battle between Asterios and Aeetes' grandsons. [66-1].
Perhaps the migration of the sons of Phrixus was due to warfare with the surrounding alien tribes.
4.4 Emigration to Boeotia
In 1360 BC, Presbon, son of Phrixus, emigrated with his brother Melas from Colchis to his grandfather Athamas in Boeotia. [67]
Clymenus, son of Presbon, succeeded Orchomenus, son of Minyas, as king of the Minyans. [68]
However, this succession to the throne occurred in the next generation of Presbon, and it is assumed that the cause of Presbon's migration was the migration of Minos' son Asterios to Colchis. [69]
4.5 Founding of Cytorus
In 1360 BC, Cytissorus (or Cylindrus, Cytisorus, Cytorus), son of Phrixus, migrated from Colchis to the southern coast of the Black Sea and founded Cytorus. [75]
Phrixus was the son of Athamas of Boeotia, but he and his wife Chalciope emigrated to Colchis, joining the emigrant party of his wife's father Aeetes.
4.6 Emigration to Tauric Chersonese (present-day Crimea Peninsula)
In 1345 BC, Phineus' two sons, Polymedes and Clytius (or Plexippus and Pandion), emigrated from Salmydessus to Tauric Chersonese on the northern coast of the Black Sea. [70]
In 1325 BC, one of them took Perseis from Colchis as his wife. [71]
Perses, the son of Perseis, succeeded his father. [72]
Aeetes, son of Perseis, inherited Colchis. [73]
Pasiphae, daughter of Perseis, married Minos of Crete. [74]
4.7 Expedition to Colchis
In 1268 BC, Jason led an expedition to Colchis with the Minyans. [76]
Many Minyans moved to Iolcus when Jason's uncle Pelias took Amphion's daughter Phylomache from Orchomenus as his wife. [77]
Presbon, son of Phrixus, seems to have had contact with Colchis even after he returned from Colchis to Boeotia. It is assumed that Jason's expedition was made possible by the Minyans, who knew the route to Colchis.
On this expedition, Jason married Aeetes' daughter Medea. [78]
This event occurred 20 years before the Argonauts' expedition.
Arrian, the Roman governor of Cappadocia, visited Colchis in the 2nd century AD and reported that he was shown the anchor of an Argo ship, but that there was no other sign of Jason's voyage. [79]
4.8 Emigration to Sinope
In 1260 BC, Autolycus, son of Deimachus of Tricca in Thessaly, migrated to Sinope on the southern coast of the Black Sea. [80]
Autolycus had participated in Jason's expedition in 1268 BC and knew the area. [81]
Autolycus was a descendant of Peneius' daughter Tricca, the founder of Tricca, and the first inhabitants of the town were the Dorians. [82]
It is assumed that Autolycus was driven out by Ischys, son of Elatus (or Eilatus), of the Lapiths who had spread their power from Oechalia near Tricca. [83]
4.9 Emigration to Sauromatae
In 1185 BC, Ialmenus, son of Astyoche (or Pernis) of Orchomenus, did not return to his homeland from Troy, but emigrated to Sauromatae. [84]
The Sauromatians lived around Lake Maeotis. [85]
Ialmenus led the Orchomenians and Aspledonians. [86]
Astyoche was the daughter of Actor, son of Azeus, son of Clymenus, son of Presbon, son of Phrixus, son of Athamas.
Presbon was born in Colchis and immigrated to Boeotia to follow in the footsteps of his grandfather, and there appears to have been contact between the two regions. [87]
Perses and Aeetes, the two sons of Phrixus' granddaughter Perseis (or Perse), ruled over Tauric Chersonese (now Crimea) and Colchis. [88]
Also, Perses' daughter Hecate (or Idyia)' daughter Circe was married to the king of the Sauromatians. [89]
It was no coincidence that Ialmenus, a descendant of Presbon, migrated to Sauromatae.
5 Thracia
5.1 Emigration from Phoenicia
In 1426 BC, Cadmus, son of Agenor, migrated from Sidon in Phoenicia to the north of the Chalcidice peninsula. Cadmus discovered gold mines near Mount Pangaeus. [90]
Cadmus' mother Telephassa died there. [91]
5.2 Emigration to Boeotia
In 1420 BC, Cadmus, struck by a large tsunami, migrated to Boeotia and founded Cadmeia (later Thebes). [92]
5.3 Emigration to Phocis
In 1420 BC, part of the Edoni of the Strymon River basin, led by Tereus, migrated to the vicinity of Daulis in Phocis. [93]
Tereus was the son of Lycurgus, son of Dryas. [94]
Tereus married Procne (or Progne), daughter of Pandion, the fifth king of Athens. [95]
5.4 Emigration from Athens
In 1390 BC, Boreas led a group of immigrants from Athens, which was hit by a huge tsunami, and moved inland across the Samothrace. [96]
The Boreas found suitable settlements by traveling up the Hebrus (modern-day Maritsa) river and up the tributary Rheginia (modern-day Ergene). The Rheginia River, in ancient times was called the Erigon River, and was at the foot of Mount Haemon, near the Sarpedon rock. [97]
The Boreas settlement is estimated to have been near present-day Ipsala in northwestern Turkey.
5.5 Emigration from Eleusis
In 1390 BC, Ceryx, son of Eumolpus, joined the emigrant band of Boreas and migrated from Eleusis to Thracia. [98]
Ceryx married Chione, the daughter of Boreas, and they had a son, Eumolpus. [99]
5.6 Founding of Salmydessus
In 1380 BC, Phineus, son of Belus, migrated from the land of the Ethiopians near Cyzicus to the southwestern coast of the Black Sea and founded Salmydessus. [100]
Belus sailed with Boreas, leading a group of immigrants, and then separated from Boreas and invaded the depths of the Strait of Hellespontos from the Aegean Sea. Belus entered the Propotis Sea, followed the shore with land on his right, and settled near the mouth of the Aesepus River, just before Cyzicus. [101]
Phineus was the brother of Cepheus, the father of Andromeda, the wife of Perseus, son of Danae. [102]
Salmydessus was near the source of the River Rheginia, which flows through the settlement of Boreas.
In 1370 BC, Boreas' daughter Cleopatra married Phineus. [103]
5.7 Founding of Galepsus
In 1375 BC, Galepsus, the son of Thasus, migrated from the island of Thasus to the mainland and founded Galepsus. [104]
5.8 Emigration to Eleusis
In 1352 BC, there was a battle between Immaradus, son of Eumolpus of Eleusis, and Erechtheus of Athens. [105]
Eumolpus, son of Chione, daughter of Boreas, ran from Thracia to support Eleusis, and there he settled. [106]
Eumolpus' father was Ceryx of Eleusis, who migrated to Thracia with Boreas. [107]
5.9 Emigration from Salmydessus to various places
In 1350 BC, the sons of Phineus migrated from Salmydessus.
1) Emigration to Bithynia
Bithynus, son of Phineus, migrated to Bithynia. [108]
The region was first called Bebrycia, then Mygdonia, and then Bithynia, after Bithynus. [109]
2) Emigration to Mariandynia
Mariandynus, son of Phineus, migrated from Salmydessus to the southern coast of the Black Sea in Bithynia. [110]
Its inhabitants became known as Mariandynians, and the land later became Heraclea. [111]
3) Emigration to Paphlagonia
Paphlagon (or Paphlagonus), son of Phineus, migrated from Salmydessus to Paphlagonia. [112]
4) Emigration to Phrygia
Thynus, son of Phineus, migrated from Salmydessus to Phrygia, near Mount Olympus, southwest of Lake Ascania. [113]
Its inhabitants became known as Thynians. [114]
Idaea, the mother of Thynus, was the daughter of Dardanus, the founder of Troy, and Hecba (or Hecbe), the daughter of Cisseus (or Dymas), the son of Eioneus, the son of Thynus, was the wife of Priam of Troy. [115]
5.10 Emigration to Tauric Chersonese (present-day Crimea Peninsula)
In 1345 BC, Phineus' two sons, Polymedes and Clytius (or Plexippus and Pandion), emigrated from Salmydessus to Tauric Chersonese on the northern coast of the Black Sea. [116]
5.11 Marriage from Ethiopia
In 1332 BC, Daeira, daughter of Benthesicyme, who lived in Ethiopia, a colony of Belus, married Eumolpus, son of Chione, who lived in Thracia. [117]
5.12 Emigration from Chios
In 1230 BC, Euanthes, son of Oenopion, son of Ariadne, migrated from the island of Chios to Ismarus in Thracia. [118]
5.13 Founding of Maroneia
In 1215 BC, Maron, son of Euanthes, son of Oenopion, founded Maroneia near Ismarus. [119]
Then Macedon, son of Maron, emigrated to Macedonia. [120]
6 Macedonia (including Paeonia)
6.1 Migration from Thessaly
In 1350 BC, Aeolus' two sons, Magnes and Macedon, migrated from Arne in Thessaly to near Mount Olympus. Macedon was the first Greek to live in Macedonia, and he became Macedonia's godfather. [121]
6.2 Founding of Methone
In 1330 BC, Methone, son of Magnes, migrated from near Mount Olympus to the northwest coast of the Thermaic Gulf and founded Methone. [122]
However, at that time it was only a village, and it is thought that it was called Methone after the Eretrians started living there together. The Eretrians had settled on Corcyra during the Trojan War, but were expelled from the island by the Corinthians in 734 BC. The Eretrians went to their homeland of Eretria in Euboea, but were prevented from landing. The Eretrians settled in Methone on their way to Thracia. [123]
6.3 Emigration from Elis
In 1320 BC, Endymion's son Paeon migrated from Elis to Paeonia. [124]
Paeon was the son of Endymion, the son of Aethlius, the son of Aeolus, the father of Magnes, the father of Methone. In other words, Paeon seems to have immigrated with the help of his father's cousin Methone.
6.4 Founding of Europus
In 1305 BC, Macedon, son of Aeolus, and Europus, son of Oreithyia, daughter of Cecrops, migrated from near Mount Olympus to the land between the Ludias and Axius rivers (slightly north of later Pella) and founded Europus. [125]
6.5 Founding of Pieria
In 1300 BC, Pierus, son of Magnes, founded Pieria on the north side of Mount Olympus. [126]
6.6 Founding of Mieza and Beroea
In 1295 BC, Mieza and Beroea were founded in Macedonia. Mieza and Beroea were the names of the daughters of Beres, the son of Macedon, the son of Aeolus. [127]
6.7 Emigration to Boeotia
In 1250 BC, Pierus, son of Linus, son of Pierus, migrated from Pieria to Thespiae in Boeotia. [128]
Pierus built a sanctuary for the Musa goddesses on Mount Helicon, and established nine Musa goddesses. [129]
Pierus was the grandfather of the famous poet Orpheus. [130]
6.8 Settlement of Mygdon
In 1244 BC, Mygdon, who lived in Mysia of Olympene, sided with Antenor and was forced out of his residence and moved to Paeonia. [131]
Along with Mygdon, the Idaean Dactyli also traveled to Europe and became engineers who mined the wealth of Midas, descendant of Mygdon. [132]
During the Troyan War, the descendants of Mygdon joined the battle as reinforcements for Troy. [133]
In 490 BC, some of the Paeonians (Siropaeonians, Paeoplians) were moved to Asia by Darius's general Megabyzus. [134]
6.9 Emigration from Crete
6.9.1 Settlement of Botton
In 1230 BC, a group of Crete immigrants led by Botton settled in Macedonia. [135]
Botton was the son of Daedalus, who defected from Athens to Minos of Crete. [136]
Botton set sail from Crete with his brother Iapyx in search of a place to settle.
Iapyx colonized the southeastern part of the Italian peninsula. [137]
Botton led some people to migrate to Macedonia. [138]
The settlement of Botton was located west of the Axius River, which flows into the Thermaic Gulf, and north of the Haliacmon River. [139]
6.9.2 Indigenous people
A little north of the later Pella was Europus, founded by Europus, son of Macedon, son of Aeolus, and Oreithyia, daughter of Cecrops. [140]
Botton's immigrant group included Athenians sent from Athens to Crete during the time of Aegeus. [141]
The inhabitants of Europus also included the Athenians who immigrated with Oreithyia's marriage.
Botton was the son of Daedalus, son of Merope (or Alcippe), daughter of Pandion, son of Cecrops, father of Oreithyia, mother of Europus. [142]
In other words, Europus was Botton's grandmother's cousin.
6.9.3 Then
The settlement of Botton became known as Bottiaea and its inhabitants as Bottiaeans. [143]
Around the 6th century BC, the Bottiaeans were chased by the increasingly powerful Argeadae and moved to lands adjacent to the lands of the Chalcidians. [144]
The Bottiaeans settled on the eastern shore of Lake Ascania in Bithynia and founded Ancore. [145]
6.10 Emigration to Thracia
The Paeonians, who lived along the Strymon River, went on an expedition to the north coast of the Propontis Sea and captured Perinthus. [146]
Perinthus was a town founded in 1060 BC by some of the Samians who were driven out of Samos and fled to Samothrace. [147]
These Paeonians are presumed to be descendants of Mygdon, who migrated to Paeonia from Mysia of Olympene. Perinthus was formerly called Mygdonia. [148]
This expedition of the Paeonians occurred between the founding of Perinthus and the time of Darius I. [149]
6.11 Settlement of Caranus
In 750 BC, Caranus, son of Pheidon, led a group of immigrants from Argos to a land called Edessa (later Aegeae) near Mt. Bermius. [150]
The reason Caranus chose the area near Mt. Bermius as a place to settle is thought to have been influenced by the coining of silver coins by Pheidon, who was the first to establish weights and measures. [151]
Mt. Bermius had mineral deposits that made Midas rich. [152]
Also, in Paeonia, a little further away, gold nuggets could be found even when the land was tilled. [153]
Caranus fought and won a battle against Cisseus, who was native to the neighboring lands. [154]
This Cisseus is presumed to be a descendant of Cisseus, the maternal grandfather of Iphidamas, who appears in the Iliad. [155]
Their ancestor Cisseus lived in Macedonia. [156]
6.12 Advance to Pieria
The descendants of Caranus drove out the natives of Pieria. The expelled Pierians migrated across the Strymon River to near Mt. Pangaeus. [157]
6.13 Emigration to Phrygia (Midas)
In 670 BC, Perdicas, son of Tirimmus, son of Coenus, son of Caranus, expelled Midas, son of Gordias, who had lived in a neighboring land. Midas led the Briges and migrated to Phrygia. [158]
7 Illyria
7.1 Emigration from Boeotia
In 1390 BC, the Encheleans settled Illyria from near Lake Copais in Boeotia. [159]
The Encheleans' settlement was near the Rizous River, a three-day overland journey north-northwest from what later became Epidamnos. [160]
The Encheleans were a people who migrated from Phoenicia to Boeotia with Cadmus in 1420 BC.
The remigration of the Encheleans appears to have been caused by pressure from Athamas, the son of Aeolus, who migrated from Thessaly. [161]
Encheleans is named after the eel of Lake Copais. [162]
7.2 Emigration from Cadmeia
In 1390 BC, Cadmus migrated from Cadmeia in Boeotia to Illyria. The Encheleans, who had migrated before him, had asked Cadmus to emigrate. [163]
Cadmus died at Butoe (or Buthoe, now Budva) in Illyria and was buried with his wife Harmonia near the Rizous River. [164]
7.3 Emigration from Thebes
In 1205 BC, Laodamas, son of Eteocles, emigrated from Thebes to the Encheleans of Illyria. [165]
Laodamas was defeated by Epigoni's attack on Thebes, and surrendered Thebes to Thersander, son of Polyneices. [166]
8 Thesprotia
8.1 Emigration from Thessaly
In 1480 BC, the Pelasgians moved the oracle of Zeus, which had been near Scotussa in Thessaly, to Thesprotia. [167]
Thessalus, son of Haemon, built an oracle and temple to Zeus at Dodona. [168]
The women of Scotussa accompanied the oracle in its move. The priestesses in charge of prophecies at the oracle of Dodona were their descendants. [169]
The mother of Pelasgus, the father of Haemon, the father of Thessalus, was Larisa, the daughter of Pelasgus, the son of Triopas, who migrated from Argos to Thessaly. [170]
8.2 Emigration from Thessaly
In 1390 BC, the Pelasgians living in Thessaly were chased by the sons of Deucalion and migrated elsewhere. Most of the Pelasgians settled around Dodona. [171]
The people who lived around Dodona accepted the Pelasgians who had fled from Thessaly as their kin. [172]
8.3 Founding of Ephyra
Among the people who migrated from Thessaly to the area around Dodona in 1390 BC was Thesprotus, son of Lycaon, a descendant of Crannon, founder of Ephyra (later Crannon) in Thessaly. Thesprotus founded Ephyra near the sea southwest of Dodona, and his people were called the Thesprotians. [173]
8.4 Founding of Ambracia
In 1385 BC, Ambrax, son of Thesprotus, migrated from Ephyra to the north side of Ambracia Bay and founded Ambracia. [174]
8.5 Reinforcements to Eleusis
In 1352 BC, a battle took place between Immaradus, son of Eumolpus of Eleusis, and Erechtheus, king of Athens. [175]
In that battle, Scirus rushed from Dodona to support Eleusis and was killed in the battle. [176]
Scirus is thought to be a Pelasgian who migrated from Thessaly to the area around Dodona. [177]
8.6 Emigration from Thessaly
In 1246 BC, the Aeanianians migrated from Dotium, chased by the Lapiths led by Peirithous, son of Ixion. [178]
Some of the Aeanianians settled in Aethicia in the Pindus Mountains near the source of the Peneius River.
Later, they migrated to the area near the Auas River in Molossia and became known as the Parauaei. [179]
It is said that some of the Centaurs chased by the Lapiths migrated to the region of Aethices at the headwaters of the Peneius River, so the Centaurs are presumed to be a branch of the Aeanianians. [180]
8.7 Heracles' Ephyra Expedition
In 1237 BC, Heracles went on an expedition to Thesprotia and captured Ephyra. [181]
Pheres, son of Jason, who took part in the expedition of Heracles, lived in Ephyra. [182]
When Odysseus visited Ephyra, Ilus, son of Mermerus, son of Pheres, ruled the city. [183]
8.8 Emigration from Italy
In 1200 BC, the Pelasgians, who lived in Ravenna in the northeastern part of the Italian peninsula, were chased by the Tyrrhenians and migrated to Thesprotia. [184]
They were descendants of those who migrated from Thessaly to Ravenna in 1390 BC. [185]
8.9 Emigration to Thessaly
In 1186 BC, Thesprotians, led by descendants of Heracles, invaded Thessaly. [186]
The Achaeans, Perrhaebians, and Magnesians fought against the Thesprotians but were defeated. [187]
The Perrhaebians and Magnesians continued to live in subordination to the Thesprotians as penestae (serfs). [188]
The Phocians built a wall to prevent the Thesprotians from invading from Thessaly. [189]
9 Molossia (Epirus)
9.1 Emigration from Thessaly and Troad
In 1186 BC, Neoptolemus migrated from Troy to the land of the Molossians instead of returning to Thessaly. [190]
Neoptolemus was accompanied from the Troad by Helenus, son of Priam, Andromache, the wife of Hector, and Hector's sons. [191]
The habitat of Neoptolemus was the Ioannina plain near a lake northeast of Dodona (modern Lake Pamvotis). [192]
Along with Neoptolemus, Chaon, son of Priam, led the Trojans to settle in the land of the Molossians. Their group was called the Chaonians. [192-1].
The Chaonians were one of the 14 tribes of the Epeirotes and were a large force along with the Molossians. [192-2]
In 167 BC, the Roman army sacked the town, inhabited by the descendants of the Myrmidons who had migrated with Neoptolemus, and sold its inhabitants into slavery. [193]
9.2 Emigration to Troad
In 1170 BC, when the sons of Hector came of age, Helenus, son of Priam, gave them an army to attack Ilium. The sons of Hector recaptured Ilium, which had been occupied by the sons of Antenor. [194]
At this time, many Trojans migrated to Asia Minor, resulting in the Chaonians becoming less powerful than the Molossians. Strabo states that at first the Chaonians were stronger than the Molossians, but later the Molossians became stronger. [194-1].
9.3 Emigration to Asia Minor
In 1156 BC, Pergamus, son of Neoptolemus, emigrated from Epirus to Asia Minor with his mother Andromache and founded Pergamon. [195]
10 Iberia
10.1 Founding of Heracleia
In 1400 BC, Maceris migrated from Canopus in Egypt to the western edge of the Mediterranean Sea and founded Heracleia (later Calpe, modern-day near Algeciras). [196]
Mount Calpe, near Heracleia, is the northern pillar of the Pillars of Hercules. [197]
Maceris, called Egyptian Heracles or Phoenician Heracles, died in Heracleia. [198]
10.2 Emigration to Sardinia
In 1240 BC, Norax, son of Erytheia, daughter of Geryones (or Geryon), migrated to Sardinia and founded the oldest town of Nora (present-day near Cape Pula) on the southern tip of the island. [199]
Norax is presumed to have been a descendant of Maceris. [200]
Norax was originally from Tartessus, centered on the Baetis (oldly Tartessus, now Guadalquivir) river northwest of Heracleia. [201]
Gadeira (modern Cadiz) near the mouth of the Baetis River and the opposite island were collectively known as Erytheia, where Geryones kept cattle. [202]
Geryones was born in the upper reaches of the Baetis River, near Heracleia.
Given that Geryones' grandson Norax settled in Sardinia before Iolaus' settlement, Norax seems to be about the same age as Amphitryon's son Heracles. [203]
The settlement of Norax was in close proximity to the settlement of Sardus, son of Maceris. [204]
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