Chapter 27 - Bronze Age History of Boeotia

1 Introduction
The 4th century BC historian Ephorus of Cyme states that Boeotia was the only Greek country to have three seaports. That is, the sea towards Italy and Sicily, the sea towards Macedonia and Hellespont, the sea towards Cyprus and Egypt. [1]
Stanley Casson, a British poet and archaeologist in the early 20th century, notes that Boeotia, centered on Lake Copais fed by the Cephisus River, was the birthplace of Greece and was a self-contained region that depended on nothing else because of its rich soil. [2]

2 Boeotia before Cadmus migration
In 1750 BC, a long period of flooding occurred upstream of the Cephisus River, which flows from west to east on the north side of Mount Parnassus. It was a natural disaster called the Great Flood during the Ogygus era. [3]
People who had lived in the Cephisus River basin for a long time migrated to other places in search of new land.
The Ectenes, led by Ogygus, settled south of a large lake near the mouth of the Cephisus River. [4]
The Ectenes' settlement ranged from the northern foot of Mount Helicon in the west to near the Euripus Strait in the east. [5]
The name Ogygus remains on the oldest Ogygian gate north of what later became Thebes. [6]
In 1580 BC, during the sixth generation from Ogygus, the Hyantes from Thrace and the Temmices from the southeastern tip of Attica, near Cape Sunium, immigrated. Pressured by the Aones, some Ectenes remained north of Thebes, while most migrated to Attica, Thessaly, and across the sea to Egypt. [7]
The man who led the people to Thessaly was the father of Deucalion, father ofHellen who gave Hellenes its name. Among those who went to Egypt was Cecrops, the first king of Athens.
The daughter of Cranaus, the second king of Athens, married Amphictyon, son of Deucalion.
Creusa, daughter of Erichthonius, the fourth king of Athens, married Xuthus, son of Hellen, son of Deucalion.
These marriages testify to the kinship between those who went to Thessaly and those who went to Egypt. [8]
The inhabitants of Boeotia, formerly known as Ectenes, became known as Hyantes or Aonians. [9]
The descendants of Ogygus, who had migrated to Egypt, resettled in Attica with Cecrops as their leader.
Cranaus, who is thought to be Cecrops' nephew, arrived from Egypt later than Cecrops.
Cranaus settled near the Triton River in Boeotia, where Ogygus once lived. [10]
At that time, Atthis, the daughter of Cranaus, was an infant known as Athena. [11]
On the banks of the Triton River were Eleusis and Athens, built by Cecrops, but submerged in Lake Copais. [12]
However, in the 4th century BC, the Chalcis miner Crates, on the orders of Alexander the Great, unclogged an underground waterway, and Athens appeared from the lowered Lake Copais. [13]

3 History of Thebes
3.1 Age of Cadmus
3.1.1 Founding of Cadmeia
In 1420 BC, Cadmus, son of Agenor, invaded Boeotia. At that time, the Aonians lived northeast of Thebes, around Glisas, and the Hyantes, who had driven out the Ectenes, lived around Onchestus. Ectenes, chased by Hyantes, lived north of Thebes. [14]
Cadmus fought against the native tribes and won, and the Aonians were allowed to continue living around Glisas. [15]
Ectenes resisted, but was defeated and moved to Attica. Hyantes was also driven west. [16]
Some of the Hyantes migrated to Aetolia. [17]
It is assumed that the native Curetes, who was present when Aetolus son of Endymion migrated from Elis to Aetolia in 1320 BC, changed their name to Hyantes. [18]
Cadmus founded Cadmeia on land that later became the Acropolis of Thebes. The Aonians lived in villages, but the Cadmus and settlers lived together in Cadmeia. [19]

3.1.2 People who immigrated with Cadmus
3.1.2.1 Pelasgians
3.1.2.1.1 Founding of Hyria (Euboea)
Samothrace, where Cadmus stopped with his emigrants, was home to the Pelasgians who had migrated from Arcadia, led by Dardanus, some time before. Among them was the Megassares family, who joined the Cadmus immigrant group. Alcyone, the wife of Megassares, was the sister of Electra, the mother of Harmonia, the wife of Cadmus. [20]
The Megassares settled in the lands of Boeotia near the gateway to Euboea and founded a town called Euboea. Hyrieus (or Chthonius), likely the son of Megassares, succeeded his father and named the town Hyria after himself. [21]
The reason why Megassares was presumed to be the father of Hyrieus is as follows.
The name Megassares is only told by Apollodoros, the king of Hyria and the father of Pharnace, the wife of Sandocus, who migrated from Syria to Cilicia and founded Celenderis.
Sandocus was the fifth descendant of Herse, the daughter of Cecrops, the first king of Athens. [22]
Counting backwards from the reign of the King of Athens, Cecrops is estimated to have been born in 1596 BC, and if one generation is 25 years for men and 20 years for women, Sandocus is estimated to have been born in 1445 BC.
Therefore, Megassares, the father of Sandocus' wife Pharnace, is estimated to have been born in 1465 BC.
On the other hand, Nycteus was the son of Hyrieus, and the husband of Nycteis, the daughter of Nycteus, was Polydorus, the son of Cadmus. [23]
In other words, Nycteus was a contemporary of Cadmus, and Nycteus' father, Hyrieus, was one of the Sparti of Cadmus's time and was also called Chthonius. [24]
Also, since Hysiae, which Nycteus founded, was a colony of Hyria, it is thought that Nycteus' father, Hyrieus, lived in Hyria. [25]
From the above, it is assumed that the father of Hyrieus was Megassares, the father of Pharnace, who was reported to be the king of Hyria by Apollodoros. [26]
The following circumstances may have made possible the marriage of Pharnace, daughter of Megassares of Hyria in Boeotia, to Sandocus, founder of Celenderis in Cilicia.
Hyria and Celenderis are approximately 900 km apart in a straight line, but their meeting place was Samothrace. Astynous, the father of Sandocus, was a resident of Sidon in Syria. [27]
Astynous provided ships for Cadmus's colony and accompanied Cadmus with his son Sandocus from Sidon to Thracia. [28]
Alcyone, the wife of Megassares, was born in Cyllene of Arcadia, of Atlas's daughter Pleione. [29]
Dardanus, son of Alcyone's sister Electra, migrated from Arcadia to Samothrace before Cadmus, along with Alcyone, her husband Megassares, and her children. [30]
Sandocus met Megassares's daughter Pharnace, who was on the island, and accompanied the Cadmus colony to Thracia. He then took Pharnace as his wife and returned to Sidon with his father, Astynous, thereafter moving to Cilicia and founding Celenderis. [31]

3.1.2.1.2 Founding of Hysiae
In 1390 BC, a huge tsunami hit a town near the Straits of Euripus, and Hyria was also affected. The two sons of Hyrieus, Nycteus and Lycus, sought a new land inland and founded Hysiae at the foot of Mount Cithaeron, about 33 km southwest of Hyria. [32]
Legend has it that Nycteus and Lycus killed Phlegyas and fled from Euboea to Hyria. [33]
Hyria is also said to be the name for Hysiae, and Euboea is not an island, but a place name near Aulis, and is probably an old name for Hyria. [34]
The same Euboea that is not on this island is the following Euboea.
1) Euboea, where the Thracians of Naxos (Strongyle) attacked but were repulsed. [35]
2) Euboea, where Orion has returned. [36]
Nycteus married Polyxo and they had two daughters, Nycteis and Antiope. [37]
Nycteis, daughter of Nycteus, married Polydorus, son of Cadmus. After Polydorus died leaving behind his young son Labdacus, Nycteus moved to Cadmeia and became the guardian of his grandson Labdacus. [38]
After Nycteus died, his younger brother Lycus took over Labdacus' guardianship. [39]
The house of Lycus was near the tomb of Semele, daughter of Cadmus, in Thebes. [40]

3.1.2.1.3 Emigration to the Italian Peninsula
In 1372 BC, Messapus, believed to be the son of Hyrieus, led a group of immigrants from Hyria to Peucetia in the southeastern part of the Italian peninsula. [41]
The emigration of Messapus was related to the emigration of Archander's son Aristaeus to Sardinia, and is thought to have been caused by the great tsunami of 1390 BC and the epidemic that followed. [42]
The southeastern part of the Italian peninsula where Messapus settled was called Messapia. [43]
There is a legend that during the time of Minos, a group of Cretans settled in the region and founded Hyria, but it is thought that Messapus founded it and gave it the name of his birthplace. [44]

3.1.2.1.4 Founding of Anthedon
Another son of Megassares, Anthas, migrated from Hyria to the northwest coast and founded Anthedon. [45]
Anthas is a Sparti, also known as Hyperenor, who appears to have brought the Cabeiri Mysteries to Greece. Anthedon was home to the sacred area of Cabeiri. [46]
The sanctuary of the Cabeiri is located about 5km west of Neistan gate in Thebes.
Pelarge's father Potnieus, who was a priest at the shrine after the Epigoni attack on Thebes, is presumed to be a descendant of Anthas of Anthedon. [47]

3.1.2.1.5 Founding of Eleutherae
Eleuther, son of Aethusa, daughter of Megassares, migrated south from Hyria over Mount Cithaeron and founded Eleutherae. [48]
Eleuther had a son, Iasius, but the name of Eleuther's wife is unknown. [49]
It is assumed that Eleuther's wife was Antiope, the daughter of Nycteus, for the following reasons.
1) That Antiope bore her twin sons, Amphion and Zethus, at Eleutherae. [50]
2) Antiope was the daughter of Nycteus, Eleuther's maternal cousin. [51]
In other words, Antiope is Eleuther's second cousin, and chronologically they are appropriate as a couple.
The historical fact is that Antiope married Eleuther of Eleutherae, who had crossed Mount Cithaeron from her father Nycteus, who lived in Hysiae. [52]
There are many legends about Antiope related to Epopeus of Sicyon, but they are all fabricated stories by later poets.

3.1.2.2 Telchines
The Telchines settled on land (later Teumessus) approximately 8 km northeast of Thebes and built a sanctuary of Telchinian Athena. Pausanias speculates that they were Telchines who lived in Cyprus. They appear to have come from the Telchines (later Rhodes), through Samothrace, and into the Cadmus emigrants. [53]

3.1.2.3 Gephyraeans (branch of Phoenicians)
The Gephyraeans, led by Cephisus, settled around what would become Tanagra. [54]
Shortly after they settled there, the Athenians fled from the Thracians led by Eumolpus, and the Gephyraeans took them in and lived with them for a while. [55]
The Gephyraeans and Athenians took this opportunity to interact, and the marriage of Praxithea, the daughter of Cephisus' daughter Diogenia, to Erechtheus, the sixth king of Athens, was concluded. [56]
In 1200 BC, the Gephyraeans migrated to Athens, chased by Poemander, grandson of Poemander, son of Chaeresilaus of Tanagra. [57]

3.1.2.4 Arabians
The Arabians settled in Euboea. [58]

3.1.3 Emigration of Cadmus to Illyria
Some of the people who immigrated to Boeotia with Cadmus settled near Lake Copais. A group of people called the Encheleans, some of whom relocated to Illyria. [59]
The Encheleans who remained in Boeotia founded Enchelia next to Cadmeia. [59-1]
The cause of the remigration of the Encheleans appears to have been the settlement of Athamas, son of Aeolus. [60]
The Encheleans migrated to Illyria, where they suffered from oppression from the natives. Asked for their help, Cadmus entrusted Cadmeia to his sons and resettled with his wife Harmonia in Illyria. [61]
It is also said that they were accompanied on their journey by Epirus, the daughter of Cadmus's daughter Agave and Echion. [62]
Cadmus' final resting place was the seaside town of Butoe (or Buthoe, now Budva) in Illyria. [63]

3.2 Age of Polydorus, son of Cadmus
Polydorus married Nycteis, daughter of Nycteus, son of Chthonius (also known as Hyrieus), one of the Sparti, and they had a son, Labdacus. [64]
The reign of Polydorus, who succeeded Cadmus, appears to have been extremely short, and he died when his son Labdacus was only five years old. [65]
It is also said that Polydorus was killed by Pentheus, son of Agave, daughter of Cadmus. [66]
It is said that Pentheus was also killed by Dionysus, the son of Semele, but Nycteus, the father of Polydorus' wife, was probably also involved in the murder. [67]

3.3 Age of Labdacus, son of Polydorus
He was five years old when Labdacus' father Polydorus died, so his mother Nycteis' father Nycteus became his guardian. [68]
Later, Labdacus also died, leaving behind his one-year-old son Laius. It is said that he was killed by frenzied women, but it is certain that this was not an ordinary way of death. [69]

3.4 Age of Laius, son of Labdacus
3.4.1 Age of Laius's guardian Lycus
He was one year old when Laius' father Labdacus died, so his grandfather Nycteus' younger brother Lycus became his guardian. [70]
While Laius was still a child, Amphion and Zethus attacked Thebes, but were repulsed by Lycus. Amphion and Zethus defected to Locris. [71]
It is not clear why Amphion and Zethus attacked Lycus, but it was probably to protect Laius' position. [72]
For Amphion and Zethus, Lycus was the uncle of their mother Antiope, while Laius was the grandson of their mother Antiope's sister, or in other words, the son of their cousin. [73]
The exile of Amphion and Zethus was to Physcius, the son of Aetolus, the son of Amphictyon, who lived in Antheia near Thermopylae of Locris. [74]
Physcius was the father of Zethus' wife Thebe. [75]
In 1325 BC, Amphion and Zethus gathered their forces again and attacked Thebes, killing Lycus. [76]
Amphion and Zethus were reinforced by Locrus, son of Physcius, and Boeotus of Arne of Thessaly. [77]
Boeotus was the son of Itonus, brother of Physcius, and a cousin of Locrus and Thebe. [78]
After this expedition, Itonus, the son of Boeotus, emigrated from Arne in Thessaly to near Coroneia in Boeotia. He probably founded Arne, which is said to have been submerged in the lake, on the shores of Lake Copais, below Coroneia, on a hill. [79]
The sanctuary of Itonian Athena was built there, and the meetings of the Boeotians were held there. [80]
The reason why the residents of Coroneia accepted the immigration of Itonus and others seems to be because Coroneia and Haliartus also cooperated with Amphion and Zethus. Coronus, the founder of Coroneia, and Haliartus were brothers of Proetus, the father of Maera, the mother of Zethus' wife Thebe. [81]
Some legends say that Amphion drove Laius out. However, Amphion became Laius' guardian, and Laius seems to have continued to reside in Thebes. [82]

3.4.2 Age of Laius' guardians Amphion and Zethus
3.4.2.1 Birth of Amphion and Zethus
Tradition holds that Amphion and Zethus were the sons of Epopeus of Sicyon by Nycteus' daughter Antiope. [83]
However, other than the time of their birth, I can't find any stories relating them to Sicyon or Epopeus. It appears that later poets deliberately tried to link Amphion and Zethus, who laid the foundations of Thebes, to Sicyon. [84]
As mentioned above, it seems that Amphion and Zethus were definitely born in Eleutherae, and the following can be inferred. [85]
At that time there was Eleuther, the son of Aethusa, the daughter of Megassares, who had immigrated to Boeotia with Cadmus, and was the founder of Eleutherae. [86]
In Hysiae, north of Mount Cithaeron from Eleutherae, was Antiope, the daughter of Nycteus. [87]
Eleuther married Antiope, the daughter of his maternal cousin, and Amphion and Zethus were born to him. [88]
The Thebans do not want to admit that Eleuther's lineage created the foundation of Thebes, so it seems that they deliberately did not record their father's name.
In ancient times, Eleutherae was Boeotia, a town founded by the descendants of those who were part of the Cadmus emigrant group. Later, the descendants of Poemander, son of Chaeresilaus, who had advanced from Eleutherae to Tanagra, refused to participate in the expedition to Troy. From that time on, conflicts arose between Thebes and Eleutherae, who later decided to actively belong to Attica. [89]
The bodies of the soldiers killed in the attack on Thebes by the Argives led by Adrastus were taken from Thebes by Theseus, and the generals were buried in Eleusis and the soldiers in Eleutherae. [90]
Already around this time, Eleutherae was showing favor to Athens.

3.4.2.2 Founding of Eutresis
In 1345 BC, Amphion and Zethus migrated north across Mt. Cithaeron from Eleutherae.
They founded Eutresis about 14 km from Thebes through the Hypsistan gate towards Leuktra. [91]
The sanctuary of the Cabeiri was located about 7km northeast of Eutresis. [92]
The cult of Cabeiri, brought to Boeotia from Samothrace, was similar to the cult of Cybele, who was called "Mother of the Gods," "Mother of the Mountains," and "Great Goddess of Phrygia." [93]
It is likely that Amphion and Tantalus' daughter Niobe met in the sanctuary. [94]
The connection between Niobe and the Cybele faith can be inferred from the following.
1) Niobe's brother Broteas made the oldest statue of the Mother of the Gods. [95]
2) When Tantalus was banished from near Mount Ida by Ilus, son of Tros, he took refuge in Pessinus of Phrygia. [96]
Pessinus was settled before Tantalus by Cybele, the mother of Corybas, from Mount Ida, near Tantalus' former territory. [97]
3) The Phrygians who immigrated to Greece with Niobe's brother Pelops praised Cybele. [98]

3.4.2.3 Founding of Thebes
Amphion and Zethus became guardians of young Laius and settled in Cadmeia. They expanded their settlement to the site of Enchelia, next to Cadmeia, and founded a town, which they called Thebes, after Zethus' wife Thebe. [99]
He also built a wall with several gates to protect it from the tyrannical Phlegyes who lived nearby. [100]
Homer tells us that there were seven gates from the beginning of construction. [101]
However, tradition has it that at first there were 12 gates. [101-1]
The names and origins of the seven gates are as follows.
1) Electran gate is named after Cadmus' sister Electra. [102]
2) The Proetidian gate is named after Proetus, the father of Maera, the mother of Thebe. [103]
The father of Proetus was Thersandorus, the father of the founders of Haliartus and Coroneia. [104]
3) Neistan gate is named after Neis, son of Zethus. [105]
4) Crenaean gate is named after the nearby Crenae spring. [106]
5) Hypsistan gate is named after the shrine of Zeus surnamed Hypsistus located nearby. [107]
6) Ogygian gate comes from the fact that Ogygus lived in the direction the gate faced. [108]
7) The Homoloid gate is named after the people who took refuge in Homole in Thessaly during the Epigoni invasion of Thebes and hid there when they returned. [109]
Therefore, the name of the last gate was given after Epigoni's attack on Thebes. It seems that either it had a different name before that, or that it was originally a new gate with six gates. [110]
It is also said that stones were brought to the city to build the castle walls to the tune of Amphion's song, but there is a theory that this legend actually came about because the people building the walls were made to listen to songs in exchange for wages. [111]

3.4.2.4 Death of Amphion and Zethus
Zethus died of grief after his wife Thebe caused the death of her son Neis through negligence. [112]
Amphion, along with his family, died of a plague. [113]
The tombs of Amphion's children were located near the Proetidian gate, in separate tombs from his sons and daughters. [114]
The tombs of Amphion and Zethus were also separate. [115]
The inhabitants of Thebes believed in an oracle told by the prophet Bacis in the 7th century BC, and placed guards at the tomb.
The oracle said, "If you take the earth from the tombs of Amphion and Zethus and bring it to the tomb of Antiope in Tithorea, the land of Tithorea will be ripe with grain, and there will be no harvest in Thebes." [116]
Both Bacis and Thebans mistakenly believed that Antiope, the owner of the tomb in Tithorea of Phocis, was the mother of Amphion and Zethus. The owner of the tomb was Antiope, the wife of Phocus, son of Ornytion, son of Sisyphus, who was more than 150 years later than Antiope, the mother of Amphion and Zethus. [117]

3.4.2.5 Opening of the oracle on Mount Ptous
Melia's son Tenerus opened an oracle on Mount Ptous. [118]
The descendants of Tenerus were a line of prophets, continuing through Teiresias, Manto, and Mopsus. Manto founded the oracle of Apollo at Clarus, on the seashore near Colophon in Ionia, which was succeeded by his son Mopsus. [119]
Rhode, the daughter of Mopsus, was the progenitor of Rhodia (Rhodiapolis) in Lycia, and Aristander, a seer from nearby Telmessus who served on Alexander the Great's campaigns, is also thought to be a descendant of Mopsus. [120]
The priestess of Mt. Ptous who gave oracles in Caria during the Persian War was also a descendant of Tenerus, and is thought to have had contact with the descendants of Mopsus in Asia Minor. [121]
The oracle on Mount Ptous lasted about 1000 years until Alexander the Great destroyed Thebes. [122]

3.5 Age of Laius, son of Labdacus
3.5.1 Occupation by Phlegyes
In 1300 BC, after the death of Amphion and the reign of Laius, the Phlegyes led by Eurymachus invaded Thebes and captured the city. [123]
Laius fled to Pisa in Eleia, relying on his guardian Pelops, the brother of Niobe, the wife of Amphion. [124]
Laius borrowed troops from Pelops and recaptured Thebes. [125]

3.5.2 Marriage of Laius
Laius married Jocasta (or Iocasta, Epicasta), daughter of Menoeceus. [126]
Menoeceus is presumed to be the grandson of Pentheus, son of Echion of Sparti, since his son Maeon, son of Haemon, son of Creon, was a Sparti. [127]
Menoeceus was also the father of Hipponome, the wife of Alcaeus, the father of Amphitryon, the father of Heracles, and was the one who invited Amphitryon to Thebes. [128]

3.5.3 Adoption of Oedipus
From Laius and Jocasta came Oedipus. [129]
Oedipus had several older siblings, so he was adopted. [130]
His adoptive father was Polybus, who lived in Tenea of Corinth. [131]
There is no genealogical connection between Oedipus and Polybus, and it is thought that Polybus' wife Periboea is Oedipus' half-sister, although they are different in age. [132]
Polybus had only one known child, a daughter Lysianassa, who later married Talaus of Argos. Polybus adopted to make Oedipus his heir. [133]

3.5.4 Battle against Haliartus
The conflict between Aeolis, who settled Boeotia a little later than Cadmus, and Thebes was inevitable, and occurred at Haliartus, on the border between the two. [134]
The leader of Haliartus was Alopecus, who is presumed to be the grandson of Haliartus, son of Thersandorus, who was adopted by Athamas. [135]
At that time Cephalus, the son of Pandion (or Deion, Deioneus, Deione), who had been banished by Aegeus, fled from Thoricus in Attica to Thebes. [136]
Laius had Cephalus fight Alopecus, and Cephalus was victorious. [137]

3.5.5 Inviting Amphitryon
In 1278 BC, Laius invited Amphitryon to Thebes. He was mediated by Menoeceus (or Menoecus) of Sparti. [138]
Menoeceus was the father of Hipponome, Amphitryon's mother, and therefore Amphitryon's grandfather. [139]
Amphitryon was asked by his uncles Helius and Electryon to join an expedition into northwest Greece. Helius had already founded Helos on the shores of the Gulf of Laconia, but he wanted new land and Electryon wanted to help him. [140]
Also participating in this expedition were the exiled Cephalus and the young Creon from Thebes. [141]
Helius and Cephalus colonized the expedition, but Electryon and his sons died in battle with the natives on the expedition. Amphitryon summoned to Thebes Electryon's son Licymnius and his daughter Alcmena, who had remained in Midea, and later made Alcmena his wife. [142]

3.5.5 Death of Laius
3.5.5.1 Cause of Laius' death
Tradition has it that Laius was killed by his son Oedipus, without knowing that it was his father.
However, after the death of Laius, Creon reportedly succeeded him, and when Laius died, Oedipus was still living in Corinth. [143]
Furthermore, there is no tradition of a tomb for Laius, and it was Damasistratus of Plataea who buried Laius. Laius is presumed to have been killed in battle with the Phlegyans, as he is said to have died near Panopeus in Phocis. [144]

3.5.5.2 Damasistratus who buried Laius
Damasistratus was a contemporary of Tanagra, the daughter of the river god Asopus, and his wife was Tanagra's sister Plataea, of whom he was the founder. [145]
Damasistratus was the brother of Chaeresilaus, father of Poemander, founder of Tanagra, and seems to have been the son of Iasius, son of Eleuther, who lived in Eleutherae.
Earlier, Amphion, probably the son of Iasius, had crossed Mt. Cithaeron north from Eleutherae and founded Eutresis, about 14 km west-southwest of Thebes.
Damasistratus founded Plataea, about half way from Eleutherae to Eutresis, north of Mt. Cithaeron. [146]
Damasistratus's uncle Amphion was Laius' guardian. [147]
According to legend, Damasitratus found Laius' corpse by chance, but it is assumed that Damasitratus was acting together with Laius.

3.6 Age of Creon, son of Menoeceus
It is said that Laius died and was succeeded by Creon. [148]
However, Creon and Oedipus, son of Laius, were the same age, and Oedipus had several older brothers, and Oedipus' older brother, whose name is unknown, is thought to have succeeded Laius. [149]

3.6.1 Battle between Minos and Athens
In 1264 BC, Androgeus, son of Minos, was killed on his way to Thebes to participate in the funeral games for Laius. [150]
This incident is said to be the cause of the war between Minos and Athens. However, the historical fact seems to be that Minos joined forces with the sons of Pallas, a political enemy of Aegeus of Athens. [151]
Aegeus was chased out of Athens and fled to Megara, but was attacked by Minos, and then defected to Pittheus in Troezen. This assumption is supported by the fact that only the legend of Minos's attack on Megara, not Athens, remains. [152]
Thebes' movements in this battle are unknown, but it is thought that he sided with Minos for the following reasons.
1) Minos sending his son Androgeus to the funeral of Laius of Thebes. [153]
2) After this battle, Minos' brother Rhadamanthys settled in Boeotia. [154]
3) The settlement of Rhadamanthys was the territory of Megareus, an ally of Megara. [155]
4) That after the death of Amphitryon, Rhadamanthys takes Alcmena, who lived in Thebes, as his wife. [156]

3.6.2 Battle against Chalcodon
In 1258 BC, Chalcodon, son of Abas, who lived in Chalcis of Euboea, invaded Boeotia.
Amphitryon marched in arms near the Proetidian gate northeast of Thebes, and defeated Chalcodon in a battle near the village of Teumessus, about 10 km towards Aulis. [157]
Before this, the son of Crius, who lived in Euboea, had ravaged the area around Delphi and was slain. [158]

3.6.3 Battle against Orchomenus
In 1256 BC, Clymenus King Orchomenus, son of Presbon, was killed at Onchestus by Perieres, the charioteer of Menoeceus, son of Creon. [159]
Onchestus was further closer to Thebes than Haliartus, where there was a battle with Alopecus in the time of Laius. [160]
Erginus, son of Clymenus, attacked Thebes, won the battle, and forced Thebes to pay tribute for 20 years. [161]
At that time, Amphitryon was traveling throughout the Peloponnesus with his son Heracles.
It was on this journey that Theseus, who was seven years old, saw Heracles sitting in a lion's skin in the house of Pittheus in Troezen. [162]
Pittheus was the brother of Nicippe, the mother of Amphitryon's wife Alcmena, and was Amphitryon's uncle-in-law. [163]
Amphitryon returned to Thebes and gathered his forces in preparation for battle against Erginus. Among them was Oedipus, who had been adopted by Tenea of Corinth.
The Thebans invaded Orchomenus and were victorious, but Amphitryon was killed in battle. [164]
Also killed in battle were Oedipus' two sons, Phrastor and Laonytus. [165]
In this battle Rhadamanthys of Ocaleae also appears to have participated on the side of Thebes, taking Amphitryon's widow Alcmena as his wife. [166]

3.6.4 Battle against Sphinx
In 1238 BC, a large number of ships appeared off the coast of Anthedon, and those who landed from the ships set up base on a mountain approximately 550 m above sea level, approximately 27 km west-southwest of Anthedon, and ravaged the surrounding area. The group was called the Sphinx, and they reportedly asked people "riddles." They were likely speaking a language that local residents did not understand. [167]
Prior to this, the mainland had been invaded and ravaged twice from Euboea. However, there are no signs of them boarding large numbers of ships and causing havoc in various places, so they appear to be part of the "Sea People" who came from far away. [168]
Sphinx also approached Thebes, and Creon sent his forces, but Creon's son Haemon and the sons of Laius were killed in battle. [169]
Perhaps Thebes was also attacked, and Creon asked for reinforcements.
At that time Rhadamanthys, who had taken his wife from Thebes, had passed away. Athens was ruled by Aegeus, but relations with Thebes were not very good and there were internal conflicts. Heracles, to whom Creon had given his daughter Megara, divorced Megara after an unfortunate incident, and Heracles had shunned Thebes ever since. [170]
Eventually Creon asked for reinforcements from Oedipus, son of Laius, who had been adopted by Polybus of Tenea in Corinth. [171]
At that time, under Polybus was Adrastus, who had been exiled from Argos. [172]
Adrastus' mother Lysianassa was the daughter of Polybus. [173]
Adrastus is thought to have also participated in the battle against Sphinx, and Oedipus, who led the Corinthians, defeated the Sphinx. [174]
Corinth was then under the control of Jason, son of Aeson, and Jason, his son Mermerus, and Ornytion, son of Sisyphus, may have also participated in the battle. [175]
At this time, it is assumed that Jason heard about the richness of the land near Corcyra from Sphinx, which was ravaging various areas. [176]
Several years after this battle, Jason enlisted the help of Heracles on an expedition to the land of the Thesprotians and moved to Corcyra. [177]

3.7 Age of Oedipus, son of Laius
Oedipus, son of Laius, who won the battle against Sphinx, became king of Thebes. [178]
The ruler of Thebes between Laius and Oedipus seems to be an unnamed son of Laius, not Creon. At the time of Laius' death, Oedipus' older brothers must have grown into adults, and it is unlikely that Creon would succeed Laius. [179]

3.7.1 Wives of Oedipus
Oedipus had at least three wives.

3.7.1.1 Jocasta
The first was Jocasta (or Iocasta), daughter of Hyperphas. [180]
Oedipus married Jocasta around the time that his adoptive father, Polybus, became king of Sicyon and moved to Sicyon from Tenea in Corinth. [181]
Perhaps Hyperphas was the person needed to legitimize Oedipus' inheritance of Tenea, and is presumed to be the brother of Creon of Corinth. [182]
Jocasta and Oedipus had two sons, Phrastor and Laonytus, who were killed in battle with Erginus of the Minyans. [183]
Jocasta's name was the same as Jocasta, the daughter of Menoeceus, the mother of Oedipus, and so a tradition arose that Oedipus took her mother as his wife. [184]

3.7.1.2 Euryganeia
A year after this battle, Oedipus married his first wife Jocasta's sister Euryganeia (or Eurygania). [185]
Euryganeia and Oedipus had two sons, Eteocles and Polyneices, and two daughters, Ismene and Antigone. [186]

3.7.1.3 Astymedusa
And after returning to Thebes, Oedipus, now old, took Astymedusa, the daughter of Sthenelus, to be his wife. [187]
This Sthenelus is presumed to be the father of Eurystheus of Mycenae, based on the matching dates and the following facts.
1) Tenea, where Oedipus lived from an early age, is a town next to Mycenae, and is thought to have been acquainted with Astymedusa.
2) When Manto, taken prisoner by Epigoni, migrated to Asia Minor, he met Rhacius, son of Lebes from Mycenae. When Rhacius heard from Manto of the fall of Thebes, it is reported that he was greatly disturbed and grieved. Rhacius appears to be a relative of Astymedusa. [188]

3.7.2 Exile of Oedipus
Oedipus's marriage to Astymedusa caused a rift between him and his sons.
Creon had a strong enmity towards Heracles, who had divorced his daughter Megara. Creon opposed the marriage of Oedipus with his kin, Astymedusa, and Heracles, whose common ancestor was Perseus, the founder of Mycenae, and banished Oedipus from Thebes.
Oedipus' sons, Eteocles and Polyneices, also made no attempt to help their father. [189]
Antigone, the daughter of Oedipus, accompanied her father to Athens, taking her son Maeon. [190]
Around the time of the return of the Heracleidae, it is said that there was a descendant of Aegeus of Athens in Thebes. It appears that he was a descendant of Maeon, son of Antigone, who married the granddaughter of Aegeus in Athens and later returned to Thebes. [191]

3.7.3 Death of Oedipus
Oedipus died in 1223 BC at the age of 71. [192]
In the same year, Heracles also passed away at the age of 52. [193]
It is said that Oedipus died in Thebes or in Athens, but his funeral was held in Thebes. Polyneices' wife Argea (or Argia, Argeia) attended the funeral from Argos. [194]
A funeral competition for Oedipus was held at Thebes, attended by Mecisteus, the son of Talaus, who would be killed eight years later in the attack on Thebes. [195]
Mecisteus' maternal grandfather Polybus was Oedipus' adoptive father and Mecisteus' uncle-in-law. Mecisteus was also Argea's bodyguard. [196]
And Amphiaraus, the son of Oecles, accompanied them. Amphiaraus also took part in the burial of Oedipus. [197]
When Oedipus died, his son Polyneices was in exile with Adrastus of Argos, and Polyneices had his wife Argea attend his father's funeral. [198]
Oedipus was buried at Thebes, but later reburied at Athens. [199]

3.8 Age of Eteocles, son of Oedipus
3.8.1 Background of Thebes attack
Oedipus was succeeded by Eteocles.
The 6th century BC thinker Pherecydes tells us that Polyneices was forced into exile by Eteocles. [200]
The 5th century BC historian Hellanicus also tells us that Polyneices received part of his estate and passed his throne to Eteocles. [201]
The conflict between the brothers Polyneices and Eteocles develops into the Argives' attack on Thebes, but the definitive motive for this is unknown.
The only possibility is that Polyneices was the rightful heir to the throne. Diodorus tells us that Eteocles was his older brother, but Polyneices may have been Eteocles' older brother. [202]
Polyneices is known to have three sons who took part in Epigoni's attack on Thebes: Thersander, Adrastus, and Timeas. The only son of Eteocles is known as Laodamas. [203]
Polyneices went to Argos with the help of Adrastus, the son of Polybus' daughter, the adoptive father of his father Oedipus.
It takes quite a few years for him to marry Adrastus' daughter Argia and have at least three children. [204]
Most likely Polyneices was exiled from Thebes shortly after his father Oedipus was exiled. It is assumed that there was a power struggle between Eteocles and Polyneices, who had Creon on their side. [205]
Even after his banishment, his wife attended Oedipus's funeral, and there was no conflict that led to armed violence. Later, when Polyneices returned to Thebes at the invitation of Eteocles, it is thought that his hatred for the ruling class of Thebes grew. It seems that it was a great cause that Polyneices was able to convince his wife's father Adrastus. [206]

3.8.2 Attack of Thebes by Argives
These were the men that Polyneices begged Adrastus, son of Talaus, to gather to attack Thebes. [207]
Tydeus, son of Oeneus - husband of Deipyla (or Deipyle), daughter of Adrastus
Capaneus, son of Hipponous - son of Astynome, sister of Adrastus
Eteoclus, son of Iphis – brother of Evadne, wife of Capaneus, son of Astynome, sister of Adrastus
Hippomedon, son of Mnesimachus - son of Metidice, sister of Adrastus
Amphiaraus, son of Oecles - husband of Eriphyle, sister of Adrastus
Mecisteus, son of Talaus - brother of Adrastus
Parthenopaeus, son of Talaus - brother of Adrastus
These were relatives of Adrastus, but Parthenopaeus, son of Hippomenes and Atalanta, also joined from Arcadia. [208]
Parthenopaeus cooperated with the Argives for the following reasons.
Parthenopaeus' mother Atalanta's father Schoenus, who lived in Schoinos, about 12 km north-northeast of Thebes, was oppressed by Thebes, who had won the battle against Erginus. [209]
Around the same time, Hippomenes of Onchestus, who lost his father Megareus in a battle with Minos, was also oppressed by Thebes. [210]
Hippomenes moved to Arcadia with the Schoenus family and founded Schoinos. [211]
Parthenopaeus appears to have taken part in the attack on Thebes to avenge the grudge of his parents who had taken his place of residence at the hands of Thebes. [212]
Pausanias reports that in addition to the Arcadians, the Messenians also took part in the expedition. [213]
In response, Thebes received help from mercenaries from Phocis and Phlegyans from the province of Minyans. [214]
Homer tells us that Polyneices and Tydeus visited Mycenae and were asked to join the expedition, which they accepted, but later decided not to send reinforcements due to bad omens. [215]
However, Mycenae had been in a hostile relationship with Argos since its founding by Perseus.
Also, Mycenae could not afford to join the expedition after Eurystheus attacked Athens and suffered devastating losses. The visit of Mycenae by Polyneices and Tydeus appears to be a myth. [216]

3.8.3 Results of Argives' attack on Thebes
In 1215 BC, Adrastus departed from Argos by land, crossed Mount Cithaeron, and engaged the Thebans in battle outside the Electran gate. Once the Thebans were holed up within their walls, the Argives distributed their troops among the seven gates. [217]
According to the tragic poet Aeschylus, the layout of each gate was as follows:
(Hypsistan) gate --- Tydeus, son of Oeneus
Electran gate --- Capaneus, son of Hipponous
Neistan gate --- Eteoclus, son of Iphis
Ogygian gate --- Hippomedon, son of Mnesimachus
Northern (Proetidian) gate --- Parthenopaeus, son of Atalanta
Homoloid gate --- Amphiaraus, son of Oecles
(Crenaean) gate --- Polyneices, son of Oedipus
In the end, all of the Argives' generals except Adrastus were killed in battle. [218]
Polyneices and Eteocles, who were the cause of this battle, were both killed in the battle. [219]
Thebes was without a king and without any spoils, "a Cadmean victory." [220]
Creon refused Adrastus' request to take the bodies and did not allow the Thebans to bury those either. Adrastus went to Theseus in Athens to petition, and Theseus sent envoys to obtain permission from Thebes to retrieve the bodies. [221]
The 4th century BC orator Isocrates tells us that Athens threatened Thebes. [222]
This was a result of the Thebans fearing the power of the Athenians, who had defeated the Mycenaeans led by Eurystheus some time earlier.
Adrastus buried the bodies of his soldiers at Eleutherae, beyond Mount Cithaeron, and the bodies of his generals at Eleusis. [223]
During the Battle of Orkynia in 319 BC, Eumenes cremated the generals and soldiers killed in battle with Antigonus separately. The custom of dividing people by social status seems to have been practiced since ancient times. [224]
Eleutherae was not yet part of Attica at the time, but it is thought that they had an antipathy towards Thebes and allowed him to be buried. Eleutherae later became Attica. [225]
Creon's outrageous treatment of Argives' bodies was not only due to his town being attacked and Eteocles taken.
Creon gave his daughter Megara in marriage to Amphitryon's son Heracles, but Heracles divorced Megara. [226]
In ancient folklore, there are few examples of divorced women. Divorce seems to have been a disgrace for the woman and her parents.
After divorcing Megara, Heracles changed his place of residence to avoid Thebes. After the death of Heracles, when his sons were forced out of Trachis under the pressure of Eurystheus, they did not go to Thebes, but went into exile in Athens. [227]
Creon had a hatred for Heracles and his sons, and it seems likely that he also had ill feelings toward the Argives.

3.8.4 Actual attack on Thebes
The walls of Thebes were built about 100 years ago, and were attacked three times by the Phlegyes, Minyans, and Sphinx, and were apparently reinforced each time, making it impossible to capture them by direct attack.
In 429 BC, the Peloponnesus allies, numbering over 10,000 men, were unable to capture Plataea, which had fewer than 500 soldiers holed up within its walls. [228]
The Thebans, who outnumbered Adrastus's expeditionary force, waited in front of the Electran gate, and the Argives were presumed to have been destroyed in the first battle. [229]
In 1368 BC, the twin sons of Abas, Acrisius of Argos and Proetus of Tiryns, do not attack the walled city, but instead fight outside it. [230]

3.8.5 Passion Place of Amphiaraus
Amphiaraus is said to have been swallowed up by the earth along with his chariot at Oropus (or Harma) in eastern Boeotia. [231]
The legend seems to have originated from the fact that the tomb of Melanippus, son of Astacus, who was killed by Amphiaraus, was located along the road from Thebes to Chalcis. [232]
However, the location of Melanippus' tomb was not the location where Melanippus was killed, but the location where Melanippus' mansion was located. [233]
Pausanias writes that Amphiaraus was swallowed up by the earth between Thebes and Potniae, 1.8 km south, near the Ismenian sanctuary where the first battle took place. [234]
In the Ismenian sanctuary, Herodotus writes that there was a golden shield and a spear that the Lydia king Croesus, impressed by Amphiaraus's bravery and suffering, dedicated to him. [235]

3.9 Age of Laodamas, son of Eteocles
Eteocles was succeeded by Laodamas, and Creon became his guardian. [236]

3.9.1 Epigoni's attack on Thebes
In 1205 BC, ten years after Adrastus' attack on Thebes, the Argives, commanded by Amphiaraus' son Alcmaeon, once again headed for Thebes. [237]
The Argives were joined by the Messenians, Arcadians, Corinthians, and Megarians. [238]
The Messenian participants are unknown.
The participants from Arcadia were Parthenopaeus' sons, Tlesimenes and Biantes, who joined to avenge the death of their father, the son of Atalanta. Besides them, Temenus and Axion, the two sons of Phegeus who lived in Phegia, also participated. [239]
They were the brothers of Alcmaeon's first wife Alphesiboea (or Arsinoe). [240]
The participants from Corinth were the two sons of Polyidus, the son of Coeranus, the son of Abas, the son of Melampus, Euchenor and Cleitus. [241]
Coeranus had migrated to Corinth at the same time as Adrastus due to internal strife in Argos.
Megara was ruled by Telamon's son Ajax at the time, but there is no genealogical connection between him and Adrastus or Argos. He is probably an Argive who migrated to Megara due to internal strife in Argos around the same time as Adrastus, and is probably Calchas, son of Thestor, son of Idmon, son of Abas, son of Melampus, a seer who later joins the expedition to Troy. [242]
In addition, Hippolytus, son of Theseus, from Troezen appears to have participated. Legend has it that Hippolytus was dragged to his death when the bridle of his chariot got caught in a tree and capsized. [243]
In Troezen there is a shrine to Hippolytus, founded by Diomedes, who was the same generation as Hippolytus and Diomedes. After the attack on Thebes, Troezen was under the control of Diomedes, so Hippolytus is thought to have been killed in the Epigoni attack on Thebes. [244]
In response, Thebes received reinforcements from surrounding towns. [245]

3.9.2 Participating from Mysia
Hyginus tells us that Tlesimenes, son of Parthenopaeus, is a Mysian. [246]
Parthenopaeus migrated from Arcadia to Mysia in Asia Minor with Telephus, the son of Auge. [247]
Parthenopaeus and Telephus were of the same age and lived near Mount Parthenius, just east of Tegea. [248]
Telephus' father was not Heracles, but Clymenus, son of Schoeneus, brother of Parthenopaeus' mother Atalanta. Telephus migrated to Mysia with his mother Auge and Clymenus' nephew Parthenopaeus. [249]
The inhabitants of Pergamus in Mysia were descendants of those who migrated from Arcadia with Telephus. [250]
Parthenopaeus returned before Adrastus attacked Thebes, took part in an expedition, and was killed in action.
Tlesimenes, having heard of Epigoni's attack on Thebes, rushed from Mysia to join the expedition to avenge his father's death. [251]

3.9.3 Generals of Epigoni
The following generals joined to make Alcmaeon, the son of Amphiaraus, the commander and Thersander, the son of Polyneices, king of Thebes. [252]
Aegialeus, son of Adrastus, Promachus, son of Parthenopaeus, son of Talaus, Polydorus, son of Hippomedon, Amphilochus, son of Amphiaraus, Diomedes, son of Tydeus, Sthenelus, son of Capaneus, Euryalus, son of Mecisteus, and Adrastus and Timeas, the two sons of Polyneices. [253]

3.9.4 Battle and Aftermath
The Argives, led by Alcmaeon, reached Aulis by sea, and from there set out overland to Thebes. [254]
Laodamas set out from Thebes to meet the Argives and set up camp in Glisas. [255]
There was a great battle in which many people were killed, including Aegialeus, son of Adrastus and Promachus, son of Parthenopaeus, and the Argives were victorious. [256]
The inhabitants of Thebes fled to Tilphossaeum, near Alalcomenae. [257]
Teiresias, the prophet of Thebes, died there, and his daughter Manto was taken prisoner by the Argives. [258]
Laodamas led those who wished to migrate to Illyria. [259]
Some people split up along the way and headed for Thessaly, settling at Homole on the right bank of the Peneius estuary. [260]
Others migrated to Euboea and founded Histiaea in the northwestern part of the island. [261]
Homer describes Histiaea as "grape-rich." [262]
However, most of the inhabitants fled to Mount Tilphossaeum near Haliartus and waited until the Argives were gone. [263]
The Gephyraeans, who lived around Tanagra, remained for a while, but a little later they were chased out by the Boeotians and moved to Athens. [264]

3.9.5 Necklace of Eriphyle
In 352 BC, the necklace of Eriphyle was among the items Phayllus, son of Theotimus, tyrant of Phocis, plundered from the temple of Athena Forethought at Delphi. [265]
The necklace was one of the trophies Epigoni presented to Delphi after winning the battle.
Later, a person who saw the necklace at Delphi wrote a story about how the necklace that was in Thebes was dedicated to Delphi. The synopsis is as follows.
Polyneices gave Eriphyle her necklace, in order to induce Amphiaraus, the husband of Adrastus's daughter Eriphyle, to join him in the expedition against Thebes. [266]
The necklace was a venerable item dating back to the time of Cadmus' wife Harmonia. [267]
Alcmaeon, the son of Amphiaraus, after the Epigoni attack on Thebes, according to his father's will, killed his mother Eriphyle and obtained the necklace. Then Alcmaeon took Alphesiboea, daughter of Phegeus, who lived in Phegia of Arcadia, as his wife and gave her her necklace. [268]
Alcmaeon then migrated to Acarnania and took Callirhoe as his wife. [269]
Asked by Callirhoe to obtain Eriphyle's necklace, Alcmaeon went to Phegia, where he was killed. [270]
The sons of Phegeus, who had killed Alcmaeon, dedicated the necklace to Delphi. [271]
This is a far-fetched story, but it is believed by Homer, who tells him that Eriphyle sold her husband for valuable gold. [272]
However, it appears that Eriphyle's necklace was not actually a golden chain.
Four years before Phayllus plundered the necklace from the temple, Phayllus' brother Philomelus had plundered from the same temple the golden round shield dedicated to Croesus. If Eriphyle's necklace was made of gold, Philomelus would not have missed it, and the necklace would have been a worthless item. [273]
Apollodorus reportedly sent some of the spoils and Teiresias' daughter Manto to Delphi. [274]

3.10 Age of Thersander, son of Polyneices
Thersander took Thebes under his control and brought back the people who had taken refuge in various places. The gate through which people returning from Homole in Thessaly entered the city became known as the Homoloid gate. [275]
In other words, the Homoloid gate that Amphiaraus is said to have attacked did not exist at the time of Adrastus' attack on Thebes and Epigoni's attack on Thebes.

3.10.1 Alcmaeon and his captives settle Acarnaia
Alcmaeon, son of Amphiaraus, took his captives with him to Illyria, where their king Laodamas had emigrated. Some of them settled near the mouth of the Achelous River, which borders Acarnaia and Aetolia. A town named Astacus was founded there. [276]
Some historical sources say that Alcmaeon settled in Acarnaia after being invited by Tydeus' son Diomedes to go on an expedition to Aetolia and avenge his grandfather Oeneus, who had been driven from Calydon. [277]
However, Hygnius notes that it was Sthenelus, son of Capaneus, who assisted Diomedes in his expedition, which seems more plausible given the close friendship between Diomedes and Sthenelus. [278]
Oeneus' enemy, Agrius, son of Parthaon of Pleuron, and his sons were related to Alcmaeon as cousins and grandchildren through the daughter of Thestius of Pleuron, the wife of Alcmaeon's grandfather Oecleus. The enemy of Diomedes' grandfather Oeneus was a relative of Alcmaeon, and it is unlikely that Alcmaeon would have aided him in the fight against his kin.
Alcmaeon settled Arcadia with his brother Amphilochus and the people he led from Argos, and with the captive Manto were born his son Amphilochus and his daughter Tisiphone. [279]

3.10.2 Manto and other captives colonize Asia Minor
Alcmaeon takes Callirhoe as his new wife in the colony, and Manto wishes to move to the new land with the other captives. There were also prisoners of war near Thebes who, due to conflicts with other residents, wanted to move to a new land. [280]
Alcmaeon asked Thebes' Thersander to grant the wishes of Manto and other captives who wished to emigrate. To Thersander, Alcmaeon was both the brother of his wife Demonassa and the benefactor who restored him to the throne of Thebes. [281]
Manto hoped to migrate to Asia Minor, which was far away from Greece.
Thersander decides to take Manto and other captives to Mysia, the birthplace of Tlesimenes, son of Parthenopaeus, who took part in Epigoni's attack on Thebes. [282]
It is believed that Tlesimenes served as a pilot for the emigrant group led by Thersander, and they safely reached Mysia, where Thersander died. [283]
Manto and other captives sailed further south and were taken in by the Cretans of Colophon, with whom they lived together. [284]

3.11 Age of Tisamenus, son of Thersander
In the time of Tisamenus there was a Trojan War, but he did not take part in the expedition, since he had not reached the age of a warrior. [285]

3.11.1 Thracians Invasion of Boeotia
The Thracians invaded Orchomenus, and the displaced inhabitants migrated to Teos in Ionia, led by Athamas, a descendant of Athamas, son of Aeolus. [286]
Teos was just west of Colophon, where Manto had settled some time ago. [287]
120 years later, the Boeotians, led by Geres the Boeotian, settled Teos, along with the Ionians led by Apoecus, the great-grandson of Melanthus of Athens. [288]
Also, some of the Orchomenians were accepted into Athens and lived in Munychia. [289]
The Thracians who drove out the Orchomenians were once Hyantes, synonymous with Boeotia. They were chased westward by Cadmus and were living in Hyampolis of Phocis at the time, hoping for a chance to return. [290]
The Thracians also captured Thebes, took its inhabitants captive, and carried them as far as Haliartus, where they were recaptured. [291]

3.11.2 Pelasgians Invasion of Boeotia
The Pelasgians invaded Coroneia, and the displaced inhabitants migrated to Arne in Thessaly. [292]
Coroneia was the central town of the Boeotians, who had migrated to Boeotia from Arne during the time of Amphion and had gradually expanded their range of residence since then. [293]
Two years later, Thessaly was invaded by the Thesproteans, and the Boeotians of Arne returned to Boeotia, led by the seer Peripoltas and Opheltes, son of Peneleos. However, unable to retake Coroneia, they settled in lands near Phocis. [294]
The place was called Arne, but later changed to Chaeroneia. [295]

3.13 Age of Autesion, son of Tisamenus
In 1126 BC, the Boeotians who remained in the Arne of Thessaly as slaves called penestai were driven out by the Thessalians. [296]
The Boeotians who were forced out of Arne returned earlier and joined up with the Boeotians living in Chaeroneia. They drove out the Pelasgians, who had occupied Coroneia, under the leadership of Damasichthon, son of Opheltes, son of Peneleos. [297]
At this time the Orchomenians, who had taken refuge in Munychia of Athens, also returned, and together with the Boeotians drove out the Thracians who had occupied Orchomenus. [298]
The Boeotians, led by Damasichthon, also attacked Thebes. Autesion, son of Tisamenus, surrendered his ancestral city, which had lasted about 300 years from Cadmus, to the Boeotians, a tribe of Aeolis. [299]
Autesion did not go to Illyria, where Cadmus and Laodamas, the son of Eteocles, had gone, or to Argos, the homeland of his grandmother, which was under the rule of Tisamenus, the son of Orestes, but migrated to the land of the Dorians. [300]
In Pindus of Doris, between Epicnemidian Locris and Opuntian Locris, lived Aristomachus, son of Cleodaeus, son of Hyllus, son of Heracles. [301]
After the death of Heracles, Aegimius, king of the Dorians, adopted Heracles' son Hyllus, who became the founder of the Hylleis, one of the three tribes of the Dorians. [302]
Heracles was hated by Creon, the father of his estranged wife Megara, and was estranged from Thebes. However, Hipponome, the mother of Amphitryon, the father of Heracles, was the daughter of Menoeceus, who was descended from Cadmus, and both the descendants of Heracles and Autesion had Cadmus as their common ancestor.
Around the time Autesion migrated to the land of the Dorians, there was an invasion of Peloponnesus by the Dorians led by Aristomachus. Aristomachus was defeated and killed in battle by Tisamenus, son of Orestes.
It seems likely that Autesion's emigration was willing to receive his kin, either before the battle to strengthen his forces, or after the battle to compensate for his losses. [303]
Argeia, the daughter of Autesion, then became the wife of Aristodemus, son of Aristomachus, and gave birth to twin sons, Eurysthenes and Procles, who became the founders of Sparta. [304]

3.14 Age of Damasichthon, son of Opheltes
Damasichthon became ruler of all Boeotia by taking possession of Thebes.
The name Boeotia, which had previously been used locally around Coroneia, came to refer to all of Boeotia. [305]
Around this time, the Aeolis began colonizing Asia Minor, and the port of Aulis in Boeotia was busy with ships carrying immigrants. [306]
The Boeotians also joined the colonization, led by Penthilus, son of Orestes of Mycenae, and settled in the region of Aeolis. [307]

3.15 Age of Xanthus, son of Ptolemy
Damasichthon was succeeded by his son Ptolemy's son Xanthus. [308]
In 1111 BC, Xanthus fought with Athenians over land and died in single combat. [309]
The land fought over by Xanthus is said to be Melaenae or Oinoe. [310]
It is also said that his opponents in single combat were Melanthus, who became king of Athens in that battle, his father Andrompus, and Thymoetes, the previous king of Athens. [311]
After the death of Xanthus, the monarchy in Thebes, which had lasted for over 300 years, was abolished. [312]

3.16 Thebes and Sparta
In 1070 BC, the Dorians of Sparta were unable to capture Amyclae, where the Achaeans lived, so they invited Timomachus from Thebes to give them military guidance. [313]
Autesion, the father of Theras, the guardian of the first king of Sparta, was exiled from Thebes, which may seem strange, but it seems that Thebes was famous for its military power at the time.

3.17 Colonization Activities of Thebans
In 1043 BC, during the time of Xanthus's grandson, Philotas, a descendant of Peneleus, son of Hippalcimus, led a group of immigrants from Thebes and settled on the opposite shore of Samos and rebuilt Priene. [314]
Priene was a town founded some time ago by a colony led by Aepytus, son of Neileus, son of Codrus. [315]

3.18 Battle against Thessalians
In 594 BC, the Thessalians led by Latamyas invaded Boeotia, but the Thebans fought near Thespiae and repulsed the Thessalians. [316]
Thessalians, who joined the Amphictyons to conquer Cirrha in Phocis, also invaded Boeotia. [317]

4 History of Orchomenus
Thirty years after Cadmus' settlement, Aeolis settled in Boeotia.
Until then, the only Greeks living in Boeotia were the Pelasgians, including the Arcadians.

4.1 Settlement of Athamas and Andreus
4.1.1 Settlement of Athamas
The first Aeolis to settle in Boeotia was Athamas, son of Aeolus, son of Hellen. Athamas moved from his father Aeolus, who lived in Arne of Thessaly, to the west coast of the Pagasetic Gulf and founded Halus. Halus was then washed away by a large tsunami in 1390 BC, and the Athamas migrated to the vicinity of Lake Copais. [318]
Athamas founded Acraephnium on the eastern shore of Lake Copais, and his son Ptous left his name on a nearby mountain. [319]
Pausanias tells us that Athamas lived on the Athamantian Plain, on the road leading directly from Acraephnium to Lake Copais. [320]
When Athamas settled, the area around Lake Copais was inhabited by the Encheleans, who had migrated with Cadmus. [321]
Encheleans left some of his people behind and migrated to Illyria in search of a new land, and later Cadmus also migrated to the region, leaving behind his children. [322]
The story of Athamas, who was estimated to be 55 years old at the time of the settlement, and Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, has been told by many people, but it appears to be pure fiction. [323]
Phrixus, the son of Athamas, participated in an expedition by Aeetes, the son of Sisyphus of Ephyraea (later Corinth), to the new land with people affected by the tsunami. Aeetes was a cousin of Phrixus.
Among the emigrants was Aeetes' daughter Chalciope, and Phrixus and Chalciope were married. [324]
Schoeneus, son of Athamas, founded Schoeneus, about 12 km from Thebes towards Anthedon. [325]

4.1.2 Settlement of Andreus, son of Aeolus
There are two traditions about the founder of Orchomenus.
One is that it was founded by Andreus, son of the river god Peneius, and the town's name at that time was Andreis. [326]
The other is that Minyas, the son of Aeolus, founded Orchomenus in a land bordering the land of Cadmus, from the region where Deucalion once lived, where Iolcus is located. [327]
From the above traditions, it is assumed that the founder of Orchomenus was Andreus, also called Minyas, the son of Aeolus, who ruled near the Peneius River in northern Thessaly.
Also, this Minyas is thought to be the same person as Minyas, the father of Persephone, the grandmother of Amphion, the father of Neleus' wife Chloris, as reported by the mythologist Pherecydes of the 5th century BC. [328]

4.1.3 Settlement period of Athamas and Andreus
According to Pausanias, Andreus gave land to Athamas, who came later, but it appears to be the other way around. It is more reasonable to understand that Athamas, who lived on the eastern shore of Lake Copais, distributed the land to Andreus, who came later. [329]
Athamas was the son of Aeolus, son of Hellen, but it is impossible to say that Andreus's father was the father of Athamas, and therefore that Andreus and Athamas were brothers. For Andreus is marrying the granddaughter of Athamas. [330]
Andreus was the son of Aeolus, son of Hippotes, son of Mimas, son of Aeolus, son of Hellen, and Athamas was to Andreus the brother of his great-grandfather, Mimas.
Strange as it may seem, there was a gap of two generations between them, as Andreus had just reached the age of majority, while Athamas was an old man with grandchildren who had reached marriageable age. [331]
Later, as Orchomenus' fame grew, a reverse story appears to have emerged in which Andreus gave land to Athamas.

4.1.4 Location of Andreis
At the time of the Athamas settlement, in addition to the Encheleans, the area surrounding Lake Copais was also inhabited by the Hyantes, who had been chased by Cadmus. [332]
Phocis was also inhabited by Thracians. [333]
Aeolis gradually expanded their range from Acraephium, where Athamas had settled, to the west side of Lake Copais. Founded by Andreus, who settled shortly after Athamas, Andreis was probably located near Acraephium. [334]
Strabo tells us that old Orchomenus sank into Lake Copais and built a new town near Mount Acontius on the west side of Lake Copais.
Presumably, Andreis was located to the north of Acraephium. [335]

4.2 Age of Eteocles, son of Andreus
4.2.1 Founding of Olmones
Eteocles, son of Andreus, gave Almus, son of Sisyphus, the land on the north shore of Lake Copais. [336]
Eteocles was the son of Andreus, son of Aeolus, son of Hippotes, son of Mimas, son of Aeolus, son of Hellen, and Almus was the son of Sisyphus, son of Aeolus, son of Hellen. So Almus was a cousin of Eteocles' great-grandfather Hippotes.
The relationship between Almus and Eteocles is quite estranged. Perhaps Almus immigrated not from Eteocles but from Athamas.
Athamas was the son of Aeolus, son of Hellen, and uncle of Almus.
This also seems to have given rise to the reverse story, in which Orchomenus later became famous and Eteocles gave land to Almus.
The town founded by Almus was originally called Almones, but later became known as Olmones.
[337]

4.2.2 Founding of Haliartus and Coroneia
Athamas adopted Coronus and Haliartus, the two sons of his nephew Thersander, when his son Leucon, whom he intended to succeed him, died of illness. [338]
Coronus founded Coroneia on the southwest shore of Lake Copais. [339]
Haliartus founded Haliartus in a land near Thebes from Coroneia. [340]

4.2.3 Return of Presbon, son of Phrixus
From Phrixus, the son of Athamas, who had migrated to Colchis, Presbon, the son of Phrixus, returned to his grandfather Athamas. [341]
Some time before this, Athamas had adopted his adopted sons, Haliartus and Coronus, and Presbon was to inherit the lands of Athamas other than the lands he had given to them. [342]

4.3 Age of Phlegyas, son of Chryse
When Eteocles, the son of Andreus, died leaving no heir, Phlegyas, the son of Chryse, the daughter of Almus, succeeded him. [343]

4.3.1 Founding of Phlegyas
Phlegyas founded the town of Phlegyas and gathered warriors from all over Greece, who became known as Phlegyans. [344]
The Phlegyans were Achaeans from Thessaly who migrated from Corinth to Boeotia with Phlegyas' grandfather Almus.
There was no recognized conflict between Andreis and Thebes at the time, and Phlegyas seems to have gathered warriors to protect his crops from the Hyantes, who were still in power nearby. [345]
The town of Phlegyas was built more than 10 years before the construction of the walls of Tiryns, and it is thought that it was little more than a storage area for harvests built on a small hill that was easy to protect from foreign enemies, and a fence built around it.

4.3.2 Ruins of Gla (or Glas)
It is said that in the late 19th century, Lake Copais in Boeotia was drained, revealing the mysterious ancient ruins of Gla. However, on December 27, 1805, William Martin Leake, a fellow of the Royal Society, was passing by the ruins of Gla and came across the "fortified island" (Ruins of Gla). [346]
Leake assumed that the island was the site of the hall of Athamas, son of Aeolus, on the north side of Acraephium, the Athamantian Plain described by Pausanias. [347]
However, Pausanias writes that from Acraephium, straight ahead to the lake was the Athamantian Plain, and the hall of Athamas was on the plain southwest of the town. [348]
Athamas asked him to send Andreus, a young man from Arne of Thessaly, to live on the north side of the city, and to marry his granddaughter Euippe to Andreus. [349]
Andreis, founded by Andreus, was located in the lowlands north of Acraephium. Afterwards, Andreis was submerged by Lake Copais, and a new town, Orchomenus, was built on the west side of the lake. [350]
It is assumed that Phlegyas, son of Chryse, founded the city of Phlegyas while he was living in Andreis, and that the city of Phlegyas was near Andreis.
Therefore, the ancient name of Gla, the "fortified island", is presumed to be Phlegyas.

4.4 Age of Chryses, son of Chrysogeneia
Phlegyas was succeeded by Chryses, son of Chrysogeneia, daughter of Almus. [351]
During Chryses' time, the water level of Lake Copais rose and Andreis became uninhabitable. The inhabitants of Andreis built a new town (later Orchomenus) near Mount Acontius on the west side of Lake Copais. [352]

4.5 Age of Minyas, son of Chryses
4.5.1 Drainage Works of Copais Lake
Minyas excavated underground channels that channeled the waters of Lake Copais to the sea. The entrance to a natural underground waterway was located near Copae, northeast of Lake Copais, and was excavated to improve the flow of the waterway. [353]
Cities sunk in Lake Copais include Athens, Eleusis, and Andreis (Old Orchomenus). [354]
Strabo reports that Arne and Mideia also sank into Lake Copais. [355]
Alexander the Great ordered Crates, a miner of Chalcis, to remove a blockage blocking the underground channels that drained the lake's waters. [356]
As a result, Athens, which had been submerged in the lake, was revealed. [357]

4.5.2 Treasury of Minyans
During the time of Minyas, the Minyans entered their golden age and built their first treasury. [358]
This shows how great the harvest was from the land around Lake Copais, into which the Cephisus River flows.
Herodotus tells an anecdote about the sons of the craftsmen who built the treasury of King Rhampsinitus of Egypt, who steal treasure from it. [359]
Pausanias tells almost the same story, but the owner of the treasury was Hyrieus, and the location was near Lebadeia. [360]
There is also a tradition that the king is Augeas, and it seems that the anecdote incorporates the old ruler of the land. [361]
It is likely that stories were told in various places about the treasury of the Minyans, who amassed great wealth, and the nearby shrine of Trophonius. [362]
Herodotus does not mention Trophonius, but tells the story as a story from Egypt.

4.5.3 Spread of Minyans
The wealth of the Minyans was so widely known that Neleus, the son of Cretheus, married Chloris, the daughter of Amphion, the son of Iasius of the Minyans. [363]
In ancient Greece, Homer seems to have prepared a dowry for his daughter's marriage, and in return for his daughter's dowry, Homer gave his son-in-law Stasinus his own epic poem Cypria. [364]
Pelias, twin brother of Neleus of Iolcus, who succeeded Cretheus, also married Phylomache, daughter of Amphion, from Orchomenus. [365]
Pelias' brother Aeson also married Alcimede, the daughter of Clymene, the daughter of Minyas, who was also married to Phylacus of Phylace, near Iolcus. [366]
Furthermore, Pelias' brother Pheres also married Periclymene, the daughter of Minyas. [367]
Pelias, Phylacus, and the bride who married Pheres were accompanied by many Minyans, and many Minyans came to live around Iolcus. [368]

4.6 Age of Orchomenus, son of Minyas
During the time of Orchomenus, the son of Minyas, the name of Andreis came to be called Orchomenus. [369]

4.6.1 Founding of Hyettus
Hyettus of Argos killed Molurus, son of Arisbas, and migrated to Boeotia.
He was granted land north of Lake Copais by Orchomenus, son of Minyas, and founded Hyettus. [370]
Hyettus appears to be the son of Bias, son of Amythaon, son of Tyro, daughter of Salmoneus, son of Aeolus, son of Hippotes, son of Mimas, son of Hellen. [371]
Orchomenus was the son of Minyas, the son of Chryses, the daughter of Chrysogeneia, the daughter of Almus, the son of Sisyphus, the son of Aeolus, the son of Hellen. [372]
In other words, Hyettus migrated to Boeotia, relying on his compatriot Orchomenus as Hellenes. [373]

4.7 Age of Clymenus, son of Presbon
Pausanias tells us that Orchomenus, son of Minyas, died without children, and that the royal line of Almus, son of Sisyphus, ended. [375]
However, Orchomenus had a daughter, Elara (or Elare), and at least five other sisters. [376]
Orchomenus also had his brother Cyparissus, who founded Cyparissus in Phocis. [377]
Orchomenus was succeeded by Clymenus, son of Presbon, son of Phrixus, son of Athamas, who lived in Acraephium. [378]
Clymenus was the son of Presbon, a cousin of Euippe, the wife of Andreus, the first Orchomenus king. [379]
It seems that Clymenus succeeded Orchomenus not because the Minyas family line had become extinct, but for other reasons.
Clymenus was slain in the sanctuary of Poseidon in Onchestus by Perieres, the charioteer of Menoeceus, son of Creon of Thebes. [380]
However, this incident is presumed to have been the first armed conflict between the towns of Orchomenus and Thebes, based on the following: 1) Clymenus, a descendant of Athamas, succeeded Orchomenus, creating two major powers (Orchomenus and Thebes) in Boeotia. 2) Onchestus was located near the border between Orchomenus and Thebes. 3) After the death of Clymenus, a major battle developed between the Minyans and the Thebans.

4.8 Age of Erginus, son of Clymenus
4.8.1 Battle against Thebans
Erginus, the son of Clymenus, whose father had been killed, attacked Thebes and imposed tribute on the Thebans. [381]
Thebans, led by Amphitryon, then attacked Orchomenus, and Erginus was defeated. [382]
As a result of this battle, the townspeople who sided with Orchomenus emigrated elsewhere.
Hippomenes, son of Megareus, who lived in Onchestus, and Schoeneus, who lived in Schoinos, emigrated to Arcadia. [383]
Also, Copaeus, son of Plataeus, son of Onchestus, who lived in Onchestus, moved to the opposite shore of Lake Copais and founded Copae. [384]

4.8.2 Sons of Erginus
According to legend, after his defeat in battle with Amphitryon, two sons were born to Erginus, Trophonius and Agamedes. They became master builders of the temple of Delphi, and it is said that Trophonius was swallowed up by a hole in the earth of Lebadeia and became a god. [385]
However, it is also said that Trophonius, who became a god, had children, which contradicts the idea that Erginus was succeeded by his brother Azeus. [386]
The sons of Erginus were invented to fit an anecdote, and it seems that there was no real heir.

4.9 Age of Ascalaphus and Ialmenus
When Erginus died, the two sons of Astyoche (or Pernis), daughter of Actor, son of Azeus, brother of Erginus, Ascalaphus and Ialmenus, succeeded Orchomenus. [387]

4.9.1 Occupation by Thracians
Ascalaphus and Ialmenus led the Orchomenians and Aspledonians on an expedition to Troy. [388]
With the warriors gone, the Thracians invaded Orchomenus and captured the town.
Some of the Orchomenians fled to Athens and lived in Munychia. [389]
Also, the Orchomenians, led by Athamas, a descendant of Athamas, son of Aeolus, migrated to Ionia and founded Teos. [390]
Colophon, just east of Teos, had been settled some time earlier by the prisoners of Epigoni's attack on Thebes. [391]
The descendants of the Orchomenians who migrated to Teos at this time were brought back by Philip in the 4th century BC. [392]

4.9.2 Emigration to Sauromatae
Ascalaphus was killed in battle at Troy, and Ialmenus, learning of Orchomenus' situation, emigrated to Sauromatae. [393]
Astyoche, the mother of Ialmenus, was the daughter of Actor, the son of Azeus, the son of Clymenus, the son of Presbon, the son of Phrixus, the son of Athamas. [394]
Presbon was born in Colchis and immigrated to Boeotia to follow in the footsteps of his grandfather, and there appears to have been contact between the two regions. [395]
The two sons of Phrixus' granddaughter Perseis (or Perse), Perses and Aeetes, ruled over Tauric Chersonese (now Crimea) and Colchis. [396]
Also, Perses' daughter Hecate (or Idyia) was married to the king of the Sauromatians. [397]
It was no coincidence that Ialmenus, a descendant of Presbon, migrated to Sauromatae.

4.10 Age after the Trojan War
Orchomenus was occupied by the Thracians for over 60 years.
In 1126 BC, the Boeotians returning from Arne in Thessaly expelled the Thracians from Orchomenus, along with the Orchomenians returning from Munychia in Athens. [398]
At this time, it seems that many Boeotians also immigrated to Orchomenus, and Strabo reports that the Boeotians annexed Orchomenus. [399]
Some of the inhabitants of Orchomenus, together with Chaeron, son of Thero, daughter of Phylas, son of Antiochus, son of Heracles, emigrated to Arne (later Chaeroneia), where the Boeotians had left. [400]
Leipephilene (or Leipephile), daughter of Iolais (or Iolaus), wife of Phylas, is thought to be an Orchomenian who took refuge in Athens when Orchomenus was occupied by the Thracians.
Orchomenus then became a town in Boeotia, centered around Thebes.
In the Battle of Delium in 424 BC, the Orchomenians fought the Athenians as part of Boeotia. [401]

5 History of Alalcomenae
Homer prefixes Athena's name with Alalcomenae, which was the birthplace of Athena. [402]
Cecrops is said to have founded Athens and Eleusis on the banks of the Triton River near Alalcomenae, but Cranaus is thought to have actually lived there. [403]
Cranaus' daughter Atthis (also known as Athena) grew up on the banks of the Triton River. [404]
In 86 BC, the Roman general Sulla destroyed Alalcomenae and plundered the ivory statue of Athena in the temple of Athena. [405]
In the time of Pausanias, the ruined temple was covered with ivy. [406]
Alalcomenae was a small town on the steep side of a mountain, with the temple of Athena on the plain below. [407]

6 History of Anthedon
In 1420 BC, Anthas, son of Alcyone, daughter of Atlas, founded Anthedon. [408]
Alcyone had two sons, Hyrieus and Hyperenor. [409]
Hyrieus lived in Hyria, so Anthedon's Anthas may have been another name for Hyperenor. [410]
The father of Anthas (also known as Hyperenor) is believed to be Megassares, who migrated from Arcadia to Boeotia via Samothrace. Therefore, the first Greeks to inhabit Anthedon were the Arcadians. [411]
Afterwards, it is assumed that Aloeus, son of Aloeus, son of Sisyphus, an Aeolis, migrated from Sicyon to Anthedon.
One basis for this assumption is that the tombs of Otus and Ephialtes, two sons of Aloeus and Iphimedeia, are said to have been located at Anthedon. [412]
Another is that Aloeus' wife Iphimedeia and his daughter Pancratis are said to have been abducted by the Thracians from near Phthiotis in Thessaly.
The place where they were abducted appears to be Anthedon, not Sicyon. [413]
At this time, Schoinos, founded by Schoenus, son of Athamas, was located about 12 km north-northeast of Thebes, and Anthedon was located near the coast, about 12 km further north-east. [414]
Schoenus, the son of Athamas, was a cousin of his father, as was Aloeus, the son of Aloeus, the son of Sisyphus. [415]
Also, Aeetes, the son of Sisyphus, the brother of Aloeus' father, had emigrated to Colchis, and Anthedon was in a good position for the voyage to Colchis. [416]

7 History of Aspledon
In 1350 BC, Aspledon, son of Orchomenus, son of Athamas, founded Aspledon northeast of Copaic Lake. [417]
Pausanias reports that the inhabitants have abandoned Aspledon due to lack of water, while Strabo describes Aspledon as a town located near a river and with a favorable climate. [418]
In the time of Orion's father, Hyrieus, there lived Hymenaeus, probably the grandson of Aspledon. [419]
In addition, 30 ships from Orchomenus and Aspledon participated in the expedition to Troy, in which the Boeotians participated with 50 ships. It appears that Aspledon also had a considerable number of inhabitants. [420]
Pliny of the 1st century AD also mentions Aspledon as the name of a town in Boeotia. [421]

8 History of Chaeroneia
In 1186 BC, the Boeotians living in Arne of Thessaly, migrated to Boeotia, chased by the Thesproteans who had invaded Thessaly from northwestern Greece.
The Boeotians, led by the prophet Peripoltas and Opheltes, son of Peneleos, settled on the western frontier of Boeotia and called the city Arne. [422]
In 1126 BC, Damasichthon, son of Opheltes, expelled Autesion, a descendant of Cadmus from Thebes, and annexed Orchomenus, bringing all of Boeotia under his control. [423]
At this time, some of the inhabitants of Orchomenus, led by Chaeron, son of Thero, moved to Arne, where the Boeotians had left, and changed the name of the town to Chaeroneia. [424]
Chaeroneia is thought to have been founded by the Orchomenians who returned from exile in Athens, and Thero's grandfather Iolais (or Iolaus) is thought to have been a descendant of Clymenus, son of Presbon. [425]
During the time of Iolais, Orchomenus also participated in the expedition. Iolais remained in Orchomenus because he was under the age of a warrior. The Thracians invaded the now-strapped town, and some of the Orchomenians migrated to Teos in Ionia, led by Athamas, a descendant of Athamas, son of Aeolus. [426]
Some Orchomenians were also accepted into Athens and lived in Munychia. [427]
Leipephilene (or Leipephile), daughter of Iolais, married Phylas, son of Antiochus, and they had a daughter, Thero. [428]
Antiochus was the son of Heracles and Meda, daughter of Phylas of Dryopes, and was one of the titular fathers of Athens. [429]
Thus, the founding inhabitants of Chaeroneia, along with Thero's son Chaeron, were Orchomenians who had lived in exile in Athens for three generations.
However, Lebadeia and Stiris near Chaironeia were inhabited by immigrants from Athens, and Chaironeia was also drawn into the conflict between Orchomenus and Athens. [430]
In 424 BC, Chaironeia was under the jurisdiction of the Boeotian province Orchomenus.
The Athenians tried to revolt from within Chaironeia, but failed, and Chaironeia was saved by the Boeotians. [431]

9 History of Coroneia
9.1 Before Trojan War
In 1371 BC, Coronus, son of Thersander, founded Coroneia southwest of Copais Lake. It is said that Coronus was adopted by Athamas and was given territory, but it is likely that Athamas summoned Coronus, the son of Thersander, the son of his brother Sisyphus, to settle there. [432]
This Coronus was the same as Coronus, son of Chrysorthe, daughter of Orthopolis of Sicyon, whose husband was Thersander, son of Sisyphus. [433]
In 1325 BC, when Amphion and Zethus attacked Thebes, the inhabitants of Coroneia appear to have taken part, together with Itonus, son of Boeotus.
Locrus, the son of Physcius and Maera, also participated in the attack on Thebes, through his relationship with Zethus, the husband of sister Thebe. Maera's father Proetus was the brother of Coronus, the founder of Coroneia. [434]
Near Coroneia was the shrine of the Itonian Athena. [435]
Itonian Athena is derived from Itonus, the son of Amphictyon, and was found outside of Coroneia at Itonus at Thessaly, between Pherae and Larisa, and near Arne. [436]
Arne was the town Boeotus inherited from his grandfather Aeolus, and Itonus was the town founded by Boeotus' father Itonus. [437]
After Amphion and Zethus' attack on Thebes, the inhabitants of Coroneia welcomed the Boeotians as co-residents, and the descendants of Coronus seem to have migrated to Sicyon.
The 1st century BC chronicler Castor's genealogy of the kings of Sicyon includes two sons of Coronus, Corax and Lamedon. [438]
The Leleges, led by Locrus, son of Physcius, son of Aetolus, son of Amphictyon, also joined Amphion and Zethus in their attack on Thebes. [439]
After the battle, the Leleges of Locris also appear to have become co-residents of Coroneia with the Boeotians. Aristotle tells us that Leleges took control of Boeotia. [440]
Dionysius of Halicarnassus describes Leleges as mixed-race people who do not belong to any particular tribe. [441]
The Argives, Thebans, Arcadians, Pisaeans, and Phthians, along with the Locrians, built Opus and settled there, and it became known as the Leleges. [442]
The Leleges mentioned by Aristotle seem to refer to the Boeotians who joined the Locrians.
In 1188 BC, the Pelasgians invaded Coroneia, which had been weakened by the Trojan expedition, and drove out its inhabitants, who fled to their ancestral land, Arne of Thessaly. [443]
Two years later, Arne was invaded by the Thesprotians, and some of the inhabitants returned to Boeotia with Opheltes, son of Peneleus. However, they were unable to retake Coroneia and settled in what would become Chaeroneia, founding Arne. [444]
Many residents of Arne in Thessaly remained as slaves, known as penestai, and continued to live there until the third generation.[445]

9.2 After Trojan War
Sixty years after the Trojan War, those who remained in Arne of Thessaly, were forced out of town and fled to Boeotia. Together with those who had returned earlier, and under the leadership of Damasichthon, son of Opheltes, they drove out the Pelasgians who had occupied Coroneia, and also annexed nearby Orchomenus. [446]
Furthermore, Damasichthon expelled Autesion, the son of Tisamenus, from Thebes, and then brought under his control the whole region called Boeotia. [447]
Damasichthon was a descendant of Boeotus, the son of Melanippe, the daughter of Aeolus, the progenitor of the Boeotians, and was the ruler of the Boeotians. It was after he became lord of Thebes that the name of the region was given to Boeotia. [448]

10 History of Haliartus
10.1 Before Trojan War
It is said that Dionysus, the son of Semele, the daughter of Cadmus, was washed by his nurse immediately after his birth at the Cissusa spring in Haliartus. [449]
It is also said that the Thebans, who were later captured by the Thracians, were rescued by the god Dionysus at Haliartus, lending credence to Dionysus' theory of the birthplace of Haliartus. [450]
However, at the time of Dionysus' birth, Haliartus had not been founded and was inhabited by Hyantes. [451]
It is likely that the battle between Cadmus and Hyantes lasted a long time, and that Semele became a captive of Hyantes and gave birth to Dionysus. [452]
The founder of Haliartus was Haliartus, son of Thersander, who was adopted by Athamas. [453]
Haliartus is estimated to have been founded in 1371 BC.
Cephalus, son of Pandion (or Deion, Deioneus) of Thoricus in Attica, who was entrusted by Thebes to fight against Alopekos of Haliartus, was victorious over Alopekos. Cephalus sent Cynas, the general of Minos, to Alopekos. [454]
This Alopekos was the grandson of Haliartus, son of Thersander, and seems to be a cousin of Megareus, son of Hippomenes (or Oncestus), who died in battle with Minos. [455]

10.2 After Trojan War
Pausanias reports that Haliartus sided with Greece during the Persian War and was destroyed by the Persians. [456]
However, Herodotus tells us that it was the Plataeans and Thespians among the Boeotians who did not offer earth and water to Xerxes the Great of Persia. [457]
Herodotus reports that the Thebans were burned by the Persians because they suggested that Plataea and Thespiae were enemies. [458]
Herodotus gives a detailed account of the Persian War, but does not mention Haliartus at all. Also, when Xerxes invaded Boeotia with his main force, Alexander, son of Amyntas, placed Macedonian soldiers in each town to protect them from harm.
Pausanias may have mistaken Plataea or Thespiae for the events of Haliartus.
In 424 BC, at The Battle of Delium, Haliartus fought alongside the Coronaeans and Copaeans in the center of the Boeotian lines against Athens. [459]
In 395 BC, Haliartus, the site of a battle between the Spartans and Thebans, was home to the Sparti.
Sixty years after the Trojan War, after the Boeotians, who migrated from Arne of Thessaly, became rulers of Thebes, Haliartus seems to have come under their control as well. [460]
In 171 BC, in a battle between Macedonia and Rome, Haliartus sided with Macedonia, and the city was destroyed by Lucretius, consul of Rome. Approximately 2,500 inhabitants of Haliartus were sold into slavery and the town's territory was given to Athens. [461]
Pausanias writes that there was a heroic mausoleum of Cecrops, son of Pandion, at Haliartus. It is thought that the town was built after Haliartus became part of Athens to make it look like it had been under Athenian control since ancient times. [462]
However, Cecrops is the son of Erechtheus in popular lore. The builder of the Mausoleum of Heroes seems to have referred to Castor's chronicle from the 1st century BC. [463]
Castor writes that Cecrops, the seventh king of Athes, was the brother of Erechtheus, son of Pandion, the fifth king of Athes. [464]

11 History of Lebadeia (old name: Mideia)
11.1 Founding of Lebadeia
In 1340 BC, Aspledon, son of Orchomenus, son of Athamas, founded Mideia, named after his mother, on the eastern shore of Copaic Lake. [465]
Strabo states that Mideia sank into a lake, but there may have been another Mideia. [466]
In 1260 BC, Lebadus from Athens founded Lebadeia below Mideia on a hill, and the inhabitants of Mideia moved to Lebadeia. [467]
Stiris of Phocis, 11 km west-southwest of Lebadeia, was a town founded by Peteus, son of Oeneus, who was chased by Aegeus of Athens. Lebadus was a brother of Peteus, and is presumed to have immigrated at the same time as Peteus, chased by Aegeus. [468]
The Athenians appear to have returned to Athens from Lebadeia in 1209 BC, when Menestheus, son of Peteus, son of Orneus, ousted Theseus, son of Aegeus, and became king of Athens. [469]
During the Trojan War, Boeotians seem to have lived in Lebadeia, and Arcesilaus, son of Archilycus, son of Itonus, son of Boeotus, led the Boeotians on an expedition to Troy and was killed in battle. [470]
Leitus, son of Arcesilaus's cousin Lacritus, brought back Arcesilaus' remains and buried them in Lebadeia.
Therefore, it seems likely that Lebadeia, unlike Orchomenus and Coroneia, was not occupied by the Thracians or Pelasgians. [471]

11.2 Sanctuary of Trophonius
Lebadeia was a town dedicated to the god Trophonius. [472]
Trophonius was the son of Erginus, king of Orchomenus, and brother of Agamedes, and is said to have been a master craftsman who built the temple of Delphi and other buildings. [473]
However, after Erginus' death, the descendants of Erginus' brothers, rather than Trophonius or Agamedes, succeeded to the throne, so Erginus' sons appear to be invented figures. [474]
Trophonius had children and his daughter's name was Hercyna. [475]
It is not certain when the sanctuary of Trophonius existed, but it is certain that it was already a famous shrine as early as the 7th century BC.
There is a tradition that during the Second Messenian War, Aristomenes recovered the lost shield from the sanctuary of Trophonius, and later dedicated it to Lebadeia. [476]
The oracle of Trophonius was also mentioned as one of the oracles to which Croesus, king of Lydia, sent messengers to test oracles in the 6th century BC. [477]
In the 1st century BC, the Roman general Sulla ravaged Lebadeia and removed treasure from the oracle. [478]
If the wooden statue of Trophonius in Lebadeia reported by Pausanias is the work of Daedalus, a contemporary of Minos, then Trophonius was already worshiped as a god in the 13th century BC. [479]

12 History of Leuctra
Leuctra is named after his daughter's father, Leuctrus, who committed suicide after being roughed up by Lacedaemonians in the period before the Battle of Leuctra in BC 371. [480]
There are no other records of Leuctra prior to the Battle of Leuctra.
Leuctra was probably a small settlement where the people of Eutresis, founded by Amphion and Zethus, or nearby Thespiae lived. [481]

13 History of Ocaleae
In 1263 BC, Megareus of Haliartus joined Megara and was killed in the battle between Minos and Athens. [482]
After this battle, Minos' brother Rhadamanthys migrated to Ocaleae. [483]
At this time, the people who immigrated from Crete appear to have been a large group.
It is said that there was a colony of storax-shrub from Crete in Haliartus. [484]
During the battle between the Minyans and Thebans in 1256 BC, Rhadamanthys appears to have sided with the Thebes and contributed to their victory. It is also assumed that Amphitryon's wife Alcmena, who died in this battle, remarried Rhadamanthys. [485]
In the 4th century BC, King Agesilaus of Sparta relocated the tomb of Alcmena, wife of Rhadamanthys, to Sparta.
At that time, in the tomb of Alcmena, they discovered a bronze tablet with an ancient script similar to Egyptian script written on it. [486]
Agesilaus entrusted a copy of the inscription on the bronze tablet to Eudoxus of Cnidos, who sent it to Nectanabis, king of Egypt, to decipher it. [487]

14 History of Onchestus
In ancient times, the Hyantes lived widely around what later became Onchestus, but were driven out by Cadmus. [488]
Onchestus is adjacent to Haliartus, and when creating a genealogy there is a gap of one generation between Haliartus, the founder of Haliartus, and Megareus, who lives in Onchestus.
Megareus' father's name is said to be Hippomenes or Onchestus, but he is thought to have left Haliartus and founded Onchestus. [489]
In 1263 BC, Megareus, who inherited Onchestus from his father, was killed in the battle against Minos, rushing to Nisus of Megara as reinforcements. Nisus was the father of Iphinoe, the wife of Megareus, and the husband of Habrote, the sister of Megareus. [490]
In 1256 BC, Clymenus, king of the Minyans, was killed at Onchestus by Perieres, the charioteer of Menoeceus, son of Creon of Thebes. [491]
Erginus, son of Clymenus, attacked Thebes and won, but was defeated by Thebes in the ensuing battle. [492]
Hippomenes, who inherited Onchestus from his father Megareus, migrated to Arcadia under pressure from the Thebans or the Cretans, who had migrated with the Rhadamanthys. [493]
Copaeus, son of Plataeus, son of Onchestus, also migrated to the opposite shore of Lake Copais and founded Copae. [494]

15 History of Plataea
15.1 Before Trojan War
The founder of Plataea is presumed to be Damasistratus, king of Plataea, who buried the body of Laius, son of Labdacus, of Thebes. [495]
Plataea is said to be named after Plataea, the daughter of the river god Asopus. Plataea is thought to be of the same age as Tanagra, who is said to be the daughter of the same Asopus river god. [496]
Tanagra's husband was Poemander, son of Chaeresilaus, son of Iasius, son of Eleuther, son of Aethusa, and they lived in Eleutherae, at the south foot of Mount Cithaeron. [497]
Damasistratus was the younger brother of Chaeresilaus and seems to have founded Plataea beyond Mount Cithaeron to the north.
Earlier, Amphion and Zethus, presumed to be the sons of Eleuther, crossed Mount Cithaeron north from Eleutherae and founded Eutresis, about 14 km west-southwest of Thebes. [498]
Amphion was the guardian of Laius and the uncle of Damasistratus. Legend has it that Damasitratus happened to come across Laius's body, but it is likely that he was traveling with Laius. [499]
Damasistratus' ancestor Aethusa was the sister of Hyrieus of Hyria, and the inhabitants of Plataea were Pelasgians whose ancestors were in Arcadia. [500]
Plataea seems to have had rulers: Androcrates, Leucon, Pisandrus, Damocrates, Hypsion, Actaeon, Polyidus, and Cylaeus, but it is unknown when. [501]

15.2 After Trojan War
In 1126 BC, when the Boeotians, who had immigrated from Arne in Thessaly, became the lords of Thebes, Plataea also seems to have come under control of Boeotians. [502]
Considering the conflict between Plataea and Thebes after this, it is assumed that the inhabitants were not driven out by the Boeotians and remained there.
In 517 BC, Plataea and Thebes had a dispute over land boundaries, but with the help of the allied Athens, they established the Asopus River as their border. [503]
To repay this favor, in 490 BC Arimnestus rushed to Athens with 1,000 Plataeans and took part in the Battle of Marathon, defending the left wing of the Athenian army. [504]
Without the Plataeans, the Miltiades of Athens would have had to wait for reinforcements from Sparta, and the course of the battle might have been unpredictable. [505]
In 480 BC, the Thebans advised the Persians that Plataea was their enemy, so they and the Thespiae were burned by the Persians. [506]
In 479 BC, the Greek army defeated the Persian army at the Battle of Plataea, and Pausanias, son of Cleombrotus, commemorated the victory at Plataea by declaring the territory of Plataea inviolable. [507]
The Plataeans are believed to have been in the ranks of the Athenians at the Battle of Plataea. [508]
In 431 BC, Eurymachus, son of Leontiades, led the Thebans in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Plataea, and was captured and executed. [509]
In 429 BC, Plataea was besieged by Peloponnesian allies. [510]
The besiegers were 400 Plataeans, 80 Athenians, and 110 women and children. [511]
In 427 BC, 212 Plataeans escaped the siege and took refuge in Athens, but the remaining besiegers ran out of food and surrendered. Over 200 Plataeans and 25 Athenians were executed, and women and children were sold into slavery. [512]
In 421 BC, the Plataeans, who were taking refuge in Athens, were given Scione on the Chalcidice peninsula, which Athens had captured. [513]
The Plataeans of Scione were driven from the Chalcidice peninsula by Lysander of Sparta and returned to Athens. [514]
This is estimated to have occurred between 404 BC, when Athens surrendered to the Peloponnesian League, and Lysander's death in 395 BC.
In 387 BC, the Peace of Antalcidas allowed the Plataeans to return to Plataea. [515]
In 374 BC, Plataea was occupied by the Thebans and its inhabitants fled to Athens. [516]
In 338 BC, after the Battle of Chaeronea, King Philip of Macedonia forced the Plataeans, who had been exiled by the Thebans and had taken refuge in Athens, to return to the city. [517]
Alexander the Great praised the Plataeans' dedication of territory to the Greeks during the Battle of Plataea, and declared that it would be returned to the Plataeans. [518]
In 316 BC, Antipater's son Cassander rebuilt Thebes, and the returning Thebans made peace with the Plataeans. [519]
The Thebans' relentless attack on the Plataeans may have been due to jealousy, similar to the reason Argos destroyed Mycenae. [520]

16 History of Tanagra
16.1 Before Trojan War
16.1.1 Coming over of Gephyraeans
The Gephyraeans, who accompanied Cadmus from Phoenicia in search of new lands, were assigned the area around Tanagra and settled there. [521]
The Gephyraeans settled in the lower reaches of the Asopus River, which flows from west to east through Boeotia. [522]

16.1.2 Hero-shrine of Eunostus
A lyric poem written by Myrtis, an Anthedonian poet of the 6th century BC, tells of Eunostus, the lord of the hero-shrine at Tanagra. [523]
Cephisus, the father of Eunostus, is believed to have been the father of Diogenia, the mother of Praxithea, the wife of Erechtheus, the sixth king of Athens. In the time of Erechtheus, Tanagra had not yet been founded and was called Gephyra. [524]
Gephyra was inhabited by the Gephyraeans, a tribe of Phoenicians who came to Boeotia with Cadmus. [525]
In 1415 BC, chased by Eumolpus that invaded Attica, the inhabitants of Athens took refuge near Gephyra and were accepted by the Gephyraeans. [526]
This evacuation seems to have led to the marriage between Erechtheus and Praxithea, whose father Cephisus may have been the chief of the Gephyraeans. [527]
When Praxithea married, there were also Gephyraeans who immigrated with her, and they brought the Phoenician letters to Athens. [528]
Later, from Phoenician letters, Pelasgic letters were invented, which were used until the time of Homer's teacher Pronapides. [529]
The ancient Athenians were the Pelasgians. [530]
In the 6th century BC, during the time of Myrtis, there may have been a plaque inscribed in Phoenician letters that tells of the history of the hero-shrine of Euostus. [531]

16.1.3 Founding of Tanagra
In 1270 BC, Poemander, son of Chaeresilaus, migrated from Eleutherae at the southern foot of Mount Cithaeron to a region known as Gephyra and founded Tanagra, named after his wife. [532]

16.1.4 Orion, son of Hyrieus
Orion, son of Hyrieus, was born in Hyria, near the Straits of Euripus. [533]
When Adrastus attacked Thebes, Dryas, the son of Orion, led a thousand archers from Tanagra and rushed to Thebes. [534]
Hylas, one of the sons of Mecionice (or Mecionica, Menodice), daughter of Orion, and Theiodamas of Dryopia, was a page of Heracles. Laonome, the wife of their other son Euphemus, was a sister of Heracles. [535]
Battus, son of Polymnestus, a descendant of Euphemus, became the founder of Cyrene in Libya. [536]
Orion's tomb was at Tanagra. [537]
Some legends say that the Orion who gave the name to the constellation was Orion, the son of Euryale, daughter of Minos of Crete, but Orion, the son of Hyrieus, who was related to Tanagra, seems more plausible. [538]
It is likely that the Phoenicians, who settled around Tanagra, passed on the constellation "the heavenly hunter" from the Babylonians to the Greeks, and Orion was applied to it.

16.1.5 Emigration of the Gephyraeans to Athens
The Gephyraeans, who had settled around Tanagra, were chased by Poemander, the grandson of Poemander, son of Chaeresilaus, and migrated to Athens. [539]
Epigoni's attack on Thebes caused the descendants of those who had immigrated to Boeotia with Cadmus to migrate elsewhere, disrupting the balance of power between them and the new Boeotians.
The Athenians' acceptance of the Gephyraeans was also a way of repaying them when they were chased by Eumolpus. It is presumed that the Athenians and Gephyraeans have had a long history of contact due to their relationship by marriage with Erechtheus, the 6th king of Athens. [540]

16.1.6 Not participating in the Troy expedition
Plutarch tells us that Achilles, son of Peleus, led the Achaeans against Tanagra, who had refused to join the expedition against Troy. [541]
Most likely, Tanagra did not take part in the Trojan expedition.
The name Graea is mentioned among the troops from Boeotia in Homer's Catalogue of Ships, and there is a theory that the town is another name for Tanagra. [542]
In other words, since Tanagra, the famous ancestor of Tanagra who lived an extremely long life, was called Graea (old woman), the town was also called by that name for a time. [543]
However, it seems unlikely that Homer, who preferred to use the old name, would have adopted the temporary name.
If Tanagra were to be called by its old name, Homer would have called it Gephyra, an older name than Tanagra. [544]

16.2 After Trojan War
In 456 BC, the Tanagraeans participated in a battle between the Boeotians and the Athenians, but were defeated, the town's walls were destroyed, and Tanagra came under the control of the Athenians. [545]
In Boeotia, only Tanagra and Thespiae survived into the Roman period. [546]

17 History of Thespiae
17.1 Before Trojan War
In 1275 BC, Teuthras, son of Pandion of Athens, fled from Aegeus and migrated to Boeotia, where he founded Thespiae. [547]
The area was inhabited by the Boeotians, led by descendants of Itonus, son of Boeotus, who immigrated from Thessaly to Boeotia in 1325 BC to help Amphion and Zethus attack Thebes. Joining the expedition to Troy were two sons of Areilycus son of Itonus, Arcesilaus and Prothoenor, from Thespiae. [548]
The Boeotians welcomed the Athenians, who had immigrated with Teuthras, as co-residents, as there was a dispute between them and the descendants of Cadmus of Thebes. However, later on, when the Boeotians became lords of Thebes, this cohabitation became a source of conflict. It is likely that the population of Athenian ancestry increased and it was attacked by Thebes. [549]
In 1250 BC, Pierus, son of Linus, son of Pierus, migrated from Pieria in Macedonia to Thespiae. [550]
In 1248 BC, Tiphys, son of Hagnias, the Thespian, joined an expedition of Argonauts from Siphae in the Thespiae. [551]
In 1236 BC, Heracles sent the sons of Thespius' daughters, led by his nephew Iolaus, to colonize Sardinia. [552]
The Athenians also joined this colony and founded Olbia in northeastern Sardinia. [553]
The colony of Iolaus was the first expedition sent out by Athens alone, and was the official colony sanctioned by Athens that set out from Prytaneum. [554]
Heracles, the son of Amphitryon, had been in the cattle-yards near Thespiae, and had been friends with Thespius, the son of Teuthras. [555]
In 1188 BC, Areilycus, son of Itonus, and two sons of Theobula, Arcesilaus and Prothoenor, joined the Trojan expedition from Thespiae. [556]

17.2 After Trojan War
In 594 BC, the Thessalians led by Latamyas invaded Boeotia and were defeated by the Thebans in a battle near Thespiae, in which Latamyas was killed. [557]
These Thessalians were the ones who had recently participated the capture of Cirrha in Phocis as part of the Amphictyons. They invaded Boeotia and attacked Ceressus, where the Thespians had taken refuge, but were unable to capture it. [558]
This Thessalian invasion occurred over 200 years before the Battle of Leuctra. [559]
In 506 BC, in the battle between the Athenians and the Boeotians, the Thespians fought on the side of the Boeotians. [560]
In 480 BC, the Plataeans and Thespians among the Boeotians did not offer earth and water to Xerxes the Great of Persia. [561]
The Battle of Thermopylae involved 400 Thebans and 700 Thespians. [562]
The Thespians, led by Demophilus, son of Diadromes, shared their fate with the Spartans at Thermopylae, and Dithyrambos, son of Harmatides, distinguished himself for his valor. [563]
The Thebans advised the Persians that the Thespians were their enemies, and the Thespiae, along with Plataea, were burned by the Persians. [564]
At this time, the Thespians had retreated to the Peloponnese Peninsula. [565]
In 479 BC, 1800 Thespians took part in the Battle of Plataea. [566]
In 424 BC, the Thespians fought on the side of the Boeotians against Athens at Delium near Tanagra, but the Thespians were defeated. [567]
In 423 BC, the Thebans demolished the walls of Thespiae, an area previously associated with the Athenians. [568]
In 414 BC, a populist faction of Thespians failed to seize power, with some captured by the Thebans and others exiled to Athens. [569]
In 413 BC, Hegesander from Thespiae joined the Lacedaemonians' expedition to Sicily. [570]
In 374 BC, the Thebans captured Plataea and sacked Thespiae. [571]
In 371 BC, the Thespians left the line before the Battle of Leuctra and returned, and after the battle they were expelled from the town by the Thebans. [572]
However, it is said that Tanagra and Thespiae remained in Boeotia until the Roman era. [573]

End