1 Introduction
The Hittites existed on the Anatolia Peninsula during the Bronze Age. However, in the historical sources of ancient Greece, there is not only the name Hittite, but also no description that hints at the existence of Hittite.
Even Strabo, who was from Amaseia, about 125 km northeast of the Hittite capital Hattusa, does not write about the Hittites at all. Strabo only mentions that the area where Hattusa was located was under the control of the Trocmi, a branch of the Galatians, and that there was a fortress of Tavium. [1]
If I consider events in chronological order based on the genealogy of the ancient Greeks, I can understand the influence of the Hittites on the Greek settlements on the Anatolia Peninsula.
When the Hittite power declined, the ancient Greeks expanded into Asia Minor, and when the Hittite power increased, they fled to coastal islands.
This chapter describes the history of the Anatolia Peninsula during the Bronze Age based on information obtained from ancient Greek historical sources and Hittite texts.
The following matters are described separately.
1) Islands near the Anatolia Peninsula - "Bronze Age History of Greek islands"
2) Details of Trojan War - "Trojan War as a Historical Fact"
3) Names of Greeks appearing in Hittite texts - "Ancient Greeks mentioned in Hittite texts"
4) Colonial period of Ionians and Aeolians - "Asia Minor Colony"
2 Anatolia in the 16th century BC
In 1595 BC, the Hittite Old Kingdom reached its peak when Mursili I destroyed the Kingdom of Babylon. [2]
Later, Mursili I's sister's husband, Hantili I, was tricked by his son-in-law Zidanta into killing Mursili I and becoming the Hittite king. [3]
Zidanta I, who succeeded Hantili I, was killed by his son Ammuna. [4]
In the mid-16th century BC, the Hittites were in the decline of the Old Kingdom.
2.1 Settlement to Lycia from Argos
The first ancient Greek settlement on the Anatolian Peninsula was Lycia.
In 1560 BC, Xanthus, son of Triopas, led a group of immigrants from Argos to colonize Lycia. [5]
Before Xanthus, in 1580 BC, Xanthus' father Triopas had sent a colony to Rhodes. [6]
Also, around the same time, some of the Ectenes living in Boeotia migrated to Egypt and founded Sais. [7]
The Ectenes were the tribe to which Ogygus, the ancestor of the Athenians, belonged. [8]
Later, Danaus and Cadmus, who migrated from Egypt to Greece, also passed through Rhodes, and Lycia was an important transit point on the sea route between Greece and Egypt. [9]
The Xanthus emigrants settled in the basin of the Sirbis (later Xanthus) river in Lycia.
Among the settlers was Xanthus' daughter Lycia.
In 1530 BC, Lycia's son Patarus founded Patara near the mouth of the Xanthus River. [10]
2.2 Settlement to Caria from Argos
After colonizing Lycia, Xanthus led a group of settlers north.
Cyrnus, who was accompanying Xanthus, founded Cyrnus in Cheronesus, opposite Rhodes. [11]
Cheronesus was located on the Cnidos peninsula of Caria. [12]
2.3 Settlement to Lesbos from Argos
Later, Xanthus himself colonized the uninhabited Issa (later Lesbos). [13]
Issa became known as Pelasgia, after the Pelasgians led by Xanthus. [14]
Also in Lesbos there was a town named Xanthus. [15]
The name of the island and the town at that time have been reported, and it seems that there was trade with Argos even after Xanthus settled there.
3 Anatolia in the late 15th century BC
125 years after the first settlement, Greeks continued to settle on the Anatolia Peninsula.
The Hittites were around the time of the decline of the Middle Kingdom and the rise of the New Kingdom, and their influence over Asia Minor was waning.
3.1 Settlement to Troad from Crete
In 1435 BC, Teucrus (or Teucer, Teukros) led a group of immigrants from Aptera in Crete and landed near Hamaxitus on the Troad. [16]
Teucrus was the son of Ida (or Idothea), sister of Celmis (or Kelmis) and Damnameneus, who was the first to discover iron in Crete. [17]
The Idaean Dactyls, who accompanied Teucrus, explored deposits north of Hamaxitus and settled around Mount Ida. [18]
Teucrus founded the town of Teucrus near the Straits of Hellespontus. [19]
At the time, Troad had a kingdom called Wilusa, which had existed since the time of the Hittite king Hattusili I (1650-20 BC). [20]
3.2 Settlement to Troad from Egypt
In 1425 BC, Cilix, son of Agenor, who was searching for a place to settle with Cadmus, moved to the southeastern part of Mount Ida and founded Thebe. [21]
The town takes its name from Thebe, daughter of Cilix, who married Corybas of Mount Ida. [22]
Cadmus was born in Egypt, and after immigrating to Sidon with his father Agenor, he and his brother led a group of immigrants in search of a new land. [23]
The people who migrated with Cilix were called Cilicians, and their region was called Cilicia. [24]
Another theory is that Cilicia was named after Cillus, a ruler near Thebe. [25]
3.3 Emigration from Rhodes to Lycia
In 1425 BC, Lycus of Telchines migrated from Rhodes to Lycia, near the Xanthus River, and dedicated a temple to Apollo Lycius. [26]
The Telchines lived in Rhodes from ancient times, but were exiled by the sons of Rhodes, called the Heliadae. [27]
3.4 Settlement to Troad from Samothrace
In 1420 BC, Dardanus migrated from Samothrace to Troad, where it was struck by a great tsunami. [28]
In 1430 BC, Dardanus migrated from the flooded Metahydrium of Arcadia to live in Samothrace. [29]
3.4.1 Founding of Dardanus
Dardanus is said to have founded Dardanus, but it was a modified name of the town founded by Teucrus. [30]
Therefore, those who migrated from Samothrace with Dardanus lived together with those who migrated from Crete with Teucrus.
3.4.2 Inhabitants of Dardanus
The people who migrated from Crete with Teucrus were those who migrated from Sicyon to Crete in 1690 BC, led by Cres, son of Telchin. They were descendants of Inachus, but they were Telchines, not Pelasgians.
The people who migrated from Samothrace with Dardanus were the Arcadians (Pelasgians) who migrated from Arcadia to Samothrace.
In other words, the inhabitants of Dardanus were descendants of Inachus, not Ogygus.
3.5 Settlement to Caria from Crete
In 1416 BC, the five Curetes of Crete drove out the Carians living in Cheronesus on the other side of the Rhodes and founded five towns. [31]
There was a town called Cyrnus in Cherronesus, founded in 1560 BC, but it is thought that the inhabitants were driven out by the Carians and the town ceased to exist.
Curetes and Ideaan Dactyls are the same people, and these five Curetes are presumed to be the Ideaan Heracles brothers who first held competitions at Olympia. [32]
Idaean Heracles was presumed to be the husband of Phoenix's daughter Astypalaea, and their son was Ancaeus. [33]
Idaean Heracles' real name was Acmon. [34]
3.5.1 Ancaeus
Ancaeus was the king of the Leleges, and his wife was Samia, the daughter of the river god Maeander. [35]
The Maeander River flows near Miletus and enters the sea. [36]
Miletus was located about 100 km north-northwest of Cheronesus in a straight line.
In ancient times, Miletus was called Lelegeis and was the residence of the Leleges. [37]
From the above, it is assumed that Ancaeus ruled over Miletus.
Leleges was the name given to mixed-race people who did not belong to any particular tribe. [38]
In other words, the people Ancaeus ruled were mixed-race Greeks who cohabited with the indigenous Carians. [39]
3.6 Settlement to Cilicia Tracheia from Syria
In 1410 BC, Sandocus, son of Astynous, migrated from Syria to Cilicia Tracheia and founded Celenderis. [40]
3.6.1 Astynous' ancestor
Astynous was the son of Phaethon, son of Tithonus, son of Cephalus, son of Herse, daughter of Cecrops, first king of Athens. [41]
Cecrops emigrated from Egypt to Athens, and his daughter Herse is presumed to have married a man of Tyre in Phoenicia. [42]
3.6.2 Sandocus' wife
Sandocus' wife was Pharnace, daughter of Megassares of Hyria in Boeotia. [43]
Hyria and Celenderis are about 900 km apart in a straight line.
It is assumed that the following circumstances made the long-distance marriage between Sandocus and Pharnace possible.
It was at Samothrace that they met. Astynous, the father of Sandocus, was a resident of Sidon in Syria. [44]
Astynous provided ships for Cadmus's colony and accompanied Cadmus with his son Sandocus from Sidon to Thracia. [45]
Alcyone, the wife of Megassare, was born in Cyllene of Arcadia, and the daughter of Pleione, daughter of Atlas. [46]
Dardanus, son of Alcyone's sister Electra, had migrated from Arcadia to Samothrace before Cadmus. Alcyone, her husband Megassare, and her children also emigrated to the island with Dardanus. [47]
Sandocus met and married Megassare's daughter Pharnace, who was on the island. [48]
3.6.3 Emigration to Thasus
In 1400 BC, Thasus, son of Cilix, migrated from Thebe to Thasus. [49]
It is presumed that the cause of Thasus' migration was the battle with the Hittites, which will be described below.
3.7 Battle against Hittite
3.7.1 Assuwans Rebellion
Around 1400 BC, the Assuwans revolted against the Hittites.
In addition to Wilusa, Dardanus and Thebe appear to have participated in this revolt. [50]
The rebellion was crushed by the Hittites, and the king and his son Kukkuli were taken prisoner, but Kukkuli was released and became a Hittite vassal. Kukkuli then rebelled again and was killed, and the Assuwa alliance collapsed. [51]
3.7.2 Ahhiyawa' support
Ahhiyawa appears to have supported the Assuwans' rebellion. [52]
Around the same time as this revolt, the Attarisiya of Ahhiyawa invaded Hittite-held territory and was repulsed. [53]
Attarisiya is thought to be Ancaeus, king of the Leleges, who extended his dominion from Cheronesus to Miletus on the opposite shore of Rhodes. [54]
3.7.3 People under Ancaeus rule
It is estimated that the following people were under the control of Ancaeus (Attarisiya).
1) The inhabitants of the five towns that Acmon, the father of Ancaeus, founded with his brothers in Cheronesus. Cretans (Telchines).
2) The inhabitants of Miletus, conquered by Ancaeus. Probably Carians.
3) Inhabitants between Cherronesus and Miletus. Probably Carians.
4) The inhabitants of Cydonia who emigrated from Crete after the marriage of Acmon's daughter to Cardys, son of Cydon. Arcadians (Pelasgians).
3.7.4 Anax, son of Ancaeus
After Ancaeus was defeated by the Hittites, he fled to a nearby island. The island was probably Samos, named after Ancaeus' son Samus. [55]
Afterwards, Anax, son of Ancaeus, returned to Miletus, and the town became known as Anactria, after Anax. [56]
4 The huge tsunami of 1390 BC
In 1390 BC, a huge tsunami occurred in the Aegean Sea and hit various places. As a result of the tsunami, the Pelasgians living in Thessaly were forced out of their homes, causing a mass migration of people.
While the Hittites were regaining their power with the birth of the New Kingdom, the ancient Greeks poured into the Anatolia peninsula one after another.
4.1 Emigration from Egypt to near Cyzicus
Belus, the son of Archander, migrated from Egypt to a place near the mouth of the Aesepus River, just before Cyzicus. Thereafter, the settlement of Belus became known as Ethiopia. [57]
Archander, son of Achaeus, had migrated from Argos to Egypt and founded Archandropolis. [58]
In other words, Ethiopians were Achaeans.
Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus, son of Belus, married Perseus, son of Danae.
4.1.1 Expansion into the Black Sea
Along with Belus, Aeetes, son of Sisyphus, who led a group of immigrants from Corinth, settled in Colchis on the eastern coast of the Black Sea. [59]
Phineus, son of Belus, married Idaea, daughter of Dardanus. [60]
In 1380 BC, Phineus migrated from near the mouth of the Aesepus River to the southwestern coast of the Black Sea and founded Salmydessus. [61]
In 1360 BC, Cytissorus, son of Phrixus, migrated from Colchis to the southern coast of the Black Sea and founded Cytorus. [66]
Later, Cytissorus also founded a town on the east side of Cytorus and named it after his wife Sinope. [67]
In 1350 BC, Mariandynus, son of Phineus, migrated from Salmydessus to lands on the southern coast of the Black Sea (later Heraclea). [62]
In 1350 BC, Paphlagon (or Paphlagonus), son of Phineus, migrated from Salmydessus to Paphlagonia. [63]
In 1345 BC, Phineus' two sons, Polymedes and Clytius (or Plexippus and Pandion), emigrated from Salmydessus to Tauric Chersonese on the north coast of Pontus Euxinus. [64]
Polymedes, or Clytius, married Perseis from Colchis in 1325 BC, and the second Aeetes was born. Aeetes became king of Colchis. [65]
In other words, over a period of 50 years, the ancient Greeks expanded their settlements along the Black Sea coast.
4.2 Emigration from Thessaly to Mysia of Olympene
Part of the Pelasgians who lived in Magnesia headed north, led by Dolion, son of Nanas' brother Silenus. They settled on the banks of the Ascanius River, which flows into the Propontis Sea. [68]
Afterwards, the Pelasgians changed their name to Doliones, and their settlement moved westward, settling more broadly around Cyzicus. [69]
Placia and Scylace on the southern coast of the Propontis, east of Cyzicus, were also inhabited by the Pelasgians in the time of Herodotus. [70]
4.3 Emigration from Thessaly to Troad
Gargarus, who lived in Larissa of Thessaly, moved to Troad and founded Gargara near the summit of Mount Ida. [71]
Mount Ida was also called Gargarus. [72]
4.4 Emigration from Crete to Troad
Minos, son of Europa, who lived in Cnossus of Crete, migrated to Troad. [73]
Minos had a son, Lyctius, who married Ide, daughter of Corybas. [74]
Corybas was the son of Cybele, who lived near Mount Ida. [75]
4.5 Emigration from Thessaly to Mysia of Pergamene
Some Pelasgians who fled Thessaly migrated to Lesbos and later expanded to the mainland. [76]
During the Trojan War, a large tribe of Pelasgians lived in the valley of the Hermus River, led by Hippothous and Pylaeus, two sons of Lethus, son of Teutamus. [77]
This large tribe became a vassal state of the Hittites and was called the Seha River Land. [78]
4.6 Emigration from Thessaly to Lydia
Some of the Pelasgians who fled Thessaly migrated to Lydia, led by Manes, son of Silenus. [79]
At that time, the region was called Arzawa, but it lacked a strong leader. [80]
The Pelasgians cohabited with the natives, and Manes became the king of the region.
Manes appears in Hittite texts under the name Kupanta-Kurunta, king of Arzawa. [81]
Manes fought against the Hittite kings Tudhaliya I and Arnuwanda I and was defeated. [82]
Manes also fought against the Hittite vassal Madduwatta and forced him to marry his daughter. [83]
In Arzawa, Manes was succeeded by Madduwatta, who was succeeded by Madduwatta's son. [84]
5 Anatolia in the 14th century BC
During the reign of the Hittite king Tudhaliya II (1360-44 BC), the Hittites were exhausted by battles with surrounding hostile forces. During the reign of Suppiluliuma I (1344-22 BC), son of Tudhaliya II, the Hittites regained their power and reached their peak.
5.1 Emigration from Cilicia Tracheia to Cyprus
In 1385 BC, Cinyras, son of Sandocus, migrated from Celenderis in Cilicia Tracheia to the southwest coast of Cyprus and founded Palaepaphos. [85]
Hittite texts state that Ahhiyawa's Attarsiya and Madduwatta attacked Alasiya (Cyprus), which was within the Hittite sphere of influence. [86]
If my guess is correct that Attarsiya's Greek name was Ancaeus, son of Astypalaea, then there was a connection between Attarsiya and Sandocus as follows.
1) Astypalaea's father Phoenix was king of Tyre in Phoenicia. [87]
2) Phoenix's wife Perimede is thought to have been a descendant of Cecrops' daughter Herse, and Sandocus and Astypalaea were first cousins or second cousins. [88]
Palaepaphos, founded by Cinyras, still existed 200 years later during the time of Teucer, son of Telamon. Teucer married Eune, daughter of Cinyras of Palaepaphos. [89]
Cinyras, along with King Midas, was synonymous with wealth. [90]
The source of Cinyras' wealth was the valuable ores produced in Amathus. Cinyras' mother was the godmother of Amathus. [91]
5.2 Emigration from Colchis to Paphlagonia
In 1360 BC, Cytissorus (or Cylindrus, Cytisorus, Cytorus), son of Phrixus, migrated from Colchis to Paphlagonia on the southern coast of the Black Sea and founded Cytorus. [106]
Phrixus was the son of Athamas of Boeotia, but he and his wife Chalciope emigrated to Colchis, joining the emigrant party of his wife's father Aeetes. [107]
In 1335 BC, Cytissorus founded Sinope to the east of Cytorus. [108]
5.3 Emigration from Thracia to Bithynia
In 1350 BC, a people led by the sons of Phineus from Salmydessus on the southwestern coast of the Black Sea migrated to various parts of the northwestern Anatolia Peninsula.
Phineus was the son of Belus and brother of Cepheus, who settled near the mouth of the Aesepus River. [92]
1) Mariandynus, son of Phineus, migrated to the land on the southern coast of the Black Sea (later Heraclea). [93]
The inhabitants of that region became known as Mariandynians. [94]
2) Bithynus, son of Phineus, migrated to Bithynia. [95]
The region was first called Bebrycia, then Mygdonia, and then Bithynia, after Bithynus. [96]
3) Paphlagon (or Paphlagonus), son of Phineus, migrated to Paphlagonia. [97]
4) Thynus, son of Phineus, settled near Mount Olympus, southwest of Lake Ascania in Phrygia. [98]
The inhabitants of that region became known as Thynians. [99]
Thynus' mother, Idaea, was the daughter of Dardanus, the founder of Troy. Hecba (or Hecbe), daughter of Cisseus (or Dymas), son of Eioneus, son of Thynus, became the wife of Priam of Troy. [100]
5.4 Emigration from Lycia to Argolis
In 1348 BC, Cyclopes, who was living in Lycia, was invited by Proetus of Tiryns to move to Argolis and build a wall there. [101]
The Cyclopes were seven people and lived in a cave near Nauplia, next to Tiryns. [102]
5.5 Emigration from Olympia to Troad
In 1344 BC, Clymenus, son of Cardys, was banished from Olympia by Endymion, son of Aethlius of Elis. [103]
Clymenus was a native of Cydonia in Crete, and was the grandson of the Ideaan Heracles (Acmon), and Anax the son of Ancaeus was his cousin. [104]
It is unknown whether Clymenus went to Miletus with the help of his cousin Anax.
Tantalus, son of Clymenus, lived near Mount Ida in the Troad. [105]
5.6 Battle against Hittite
In 1340 BC, the Arzawa king Tarhuntaradu invaded the Hittite territory of Tuwanuwa (Tyana). [109]
Tarhuntaradu was called the Great King and had contact with Egypt. [110]
At the same time as Tarhuntaradu's expedition, Perseus, son of Danae, was on an expedition as far as Iconium (Konya) in Lycaonia. [111]
Perseus lived in Argos as the successor of his grandfather Acrisius, but in 1343 BC he killed Acrisius' brother Proetus and crossed over to Asia Minor. [112]
In 1335 BC, Perseus married Cepheus' daughter Andromeda, who lived near Cyzicus. [113]
Perseus was the son of Pilumnus, the son of Metanastes, the son of Archander, the father of Belus, the father of Andromeda. [114]
In other words, Perseus and Andromeda were second cousins.
6 Battle between Hittite and Arzawa
In 1338 BC, Arzawa king Tarhuntaradu died and was succeeded by his brother Anzapahhadu. Anzapahhadu was succeeded by Maskhuiluwa, son of Tarhuntaradu. [115]
6.1 Pelops' father Tantalus
6.1.1 Tantalus residence
Tantalus' territory was the land of Berecyntes (later the Adrasteia plain), through which the Granicus River flows, where Alexander the Great defeated the Persian army in 334 BC. [116]
Clymenus, father of Tantalus, was from Cydonia in Crete, and just to the east Aptera was in Berecynthus. Tantalus appears to have been the chieftain of the Berecyntes. [117]
6.1.2 Relationship between Tantalus and Cepheus
To the east of Tantalus' territory lived the Ethiopians, ruled by Cepheus, son of Belus.
In 1335 BC, Perseus, son of Danae, who had come into exile from Argos, married Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus. [118]
Later, the three sons of Perseus married the daughters of Pelops, son of Tantalus. [119]
In other words, Tantalus and Cepheus not only had neighboring territories, but also had a close relationship through Perseus. Perseus returned to Peloponnesus in 1332 BC.
6.1.3 Relationship between Tantalus and Troy
In 1341 BC, Tantalus married Tros' daughter Eurythemiste. [120]
According to the 2nd century BC orator Dio Chrysostom, the descendants of Atreus were connected to the Trojan royal family through Pelops. [121]
In other words, Pelops' mother was a daughter of the royal family of Troy.
According to the ancient scholiast of Euripides' Orestes, the father of Pelops' mother, Eurythemiste, was Xanthus. [122]
Xanthus is the old name of the river Scamander that flows near Ilium, and is presumed to be a river god. [123]
The river god was Tros, king of Troy during the time of Tantalus, and Pelops' mother Eurythemiste may have been the daughter of Tros.
6.2 Usurpation of the throne by Ilus
The marriage of Tantalus with Eurythemiste, daughter of Tros, united the people who lived between Dardanus and near Cyzicus. [124]
The king of Wilusa, who lived in Troad from ancient times, felt threatened and gave one of his daughters in marriage to Ilus, son of Tros. [125]
In 1330 BC, Ilus usurped the throne of Wilusa upon the death of his wife's father. [126]
It was also in the lineage of the Hittite kings that a son-in-law should inherit the throne, and the Hittites recognized Ilus as King Wilusa.
The Hittites realized that Wilusa had become a powerful vassal state, suppressing the surrounding towns with which they had continued to skirmish.
The kingdom of Troy became an ally with the Hittites, although they were obliged to pay tribute to them. [127]
The sons of King Wilusa were killed by Ilus, their clan was banished from Ilium, and many inhabitants of Dardanus migrated to Ilium.
Dardanus was succeeded by Assaracus (or Asarakos), son of Tros, after Tros's death. [128]
After Ilus usurped Wilusa's throne, Wilusa and Troy, which had existed separately for about 100 years, became one and the same.
6.3 Territorial expansion of Wilusa (Troy) to the east
Ilus expanded its territory to the east with the strong support of the Hittites.
In 1325 BC, Ilus expelled Tantalus, who lived on the north side of Mount Ida. [129]
In 1300 BC, Ilus attacked Ethiopia near the mouth of the Aesepus River and brought it under Troy's control. [130]
Ilus then expanded his power by advancing further east into Mysia of Olympene and fighting Byzos of Bebryces. [131]
6.4 Emigration from the land of Berecyntes to Lydia
Tantalus was reportedly driven from his residence by Ilus for causing the death of Ilus's brother Ganymedes. [132]
Ganymedes probably died in a battle with Tantalus.
Tantalus fled to Pessinus in Phrygia, but was also chased from that town by Ilus. [133]
Tantalus was chased by Ilus and migrated to Mount Sipylus in Lydia. [134]
6.5 Tantalus (Uhha-Ziti), King of Arzawa
The region where Tantalus migrated was under the control of Arzawa.
At that time, the king of Arzawa was Maskhuiluwa, son of Tarhuntaradu, who succeeded Anzapahhadu. [135]
Tantalus amassed great wealth by mining gold from deposits around Mount Sipylus. [136]
It is assumed that Idaean Dactyls, who lived around Mount Ida, also participated in Tantalus' migration to Lydia.
In 1322 BC, Tantalus, with his wealth and the support of the Maeonians, led by descendants of Manes, ousted Maskhuiluwa and became king of Arzawa. [137]
Manes and Tantalus had a common ancestor, Inachus of Argos.
Tantalus is presumed to be Uhha-Ziti, who appears in Hittite texts.
6.6 Battle against Hittite
Maskhuiluwa, exiled from Arzawa, defected to the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I and married his daughter Muwatti. [138]
Suppiluliuma I and his successor Arnuwanda II died of plague. [139]
The Hittites were unable to take immediate military action against Arzawa.
Mursili II, who succeeded Arnuwanda II, fought against Arzawa in the third year of his reign. [140]
The battle began when the people of Attarimma, Huwarsanassa, and Suruda fled to Arzawa, and Mursili II demanded that Tantalus (Uhha-Ziti) hand them over. [141]
Tantalus refused to hand them over, so Mursili II marched towards Apasas (Ephesus), where Tantalus was based. Tantalus sent his son Broteas (Piyama-Kurunta) to intercept the Hittite army, but Broteas was defeated. [142]
Later, before the Hittite army reached Apasas, Tantalus became ill and fled to a nearby island. [143]
In 1318 BC, Tantalus became ill and died. [144]
Pelops (Tapalazunauli), son of Tantalus, crossed from the island to the mainland and fought the forces of Mursili II, but was defeated and besieged. Pelops escaped safely from the siege, but his wife and sons were taken prisoner. [145]
Broteas (Piyama-Kurunta) crossed from the island to the mainland to negotiate with Mursili II, but was sent to Hattusa. [146]
A statue of the Mother of Gods made by Broteas was on a rock near Mount Sipylus in Lydia. [147]
Broteas may also have had a son, Tantalus. It is said that there was a container in Argos containing the remains of Tantalus. [148]
6.7 Pelops’ emigration to Greece
In 1315 BC, Pelops crossed from Asia Minor to Peloponnesus. At that time, Pelops was with his son Chrysippus. [149]
After the battle with Mursili II, Pelops was in Asia Minor for about three years, hoping to regain his lost territory, but it is presumed that he gave up on that hope and went to Peloponnesus.
Near Thebe, southeast of Mount Ida, was the large tomb of Cillus, charioteer of Pelops. Cillus was the ruler of that region. [150]
Pelops' range of activity seems to have extended to that region.
6.8 Tyrrhenus’ emigration to Italy
The Maeonians, who fought alongside Tantalus against the Hittites, were banished from Lydia.
After Arzawa was conquered by the Hittites in 1318 BC, the Maeonians, led by Tyrhenus, son of Atys, appeared on the Italian peninsula 18 years later. During that time, the Maeonians are presumed to have lived in Lemnos.
The things that connect Lemnos with the Italian peninsula include:
1) An island (later Elba) in the Tyrrhenian Sea was called Aethalia, the same old name of Lemnos. [151]
2) Of the four ancient labyrinths described by Pliny, in addition to Egypt and Crete, there were labyrinths in Lemnos and Etruria on the Italian peninsula. [152]
3) Lemnos was also called Tyrhenia. [153]
In 1300 BC, the Maeonians migrated from Lemnos to the Italian peninsula and changed their name to the Tyrrhenians. [154]
6.9 Fall of Miletus
Miletus was ruled by his son Cleochus, who succeeded Anax. [155]
Uhha-Ziti (Tantalus) allied with King Ahhiuwa of Millawanda (Miletus). [156]
King Ahhiuwa is thought to have been Cleochus, son of Anax.
In 1318 BC, Miletus was captured by Hittite forces and its inhabitants, along with their cattle and sheep, were taken to Hattusa. [157]
Asterius, son of Anax, fled to an island near Lade, which was in front of Miletus, died, and was buried there. [158]
Cleochus joined with Uhha-Ziti and fought against the Hittite forces, but was taken prisoner and sent to Hattusa. [159]
Cleochus' remains were later buried in the Didymaeum near Miletus. [160]
Cleochus' daughter Aria fled to Crete and had a son Miletus. [161]
7 The battle for succession to the throne of Wilusa (Troy)
7.1 Progress of the battle
In 1296 BC, Ilus died and his son Laomedon succeeded to the throne. [162]
Laomedon was then banished from Ilium by his supposed brother Phaenodamas (or Hippotes). [163]
Laomedon attacked Ilium with the help of the Hittite army and the armies of Hittite vassals. [164]
Phaenodamas, defeated in battle, was killed along with his sons. [165]
The remaining three daughters of Phaenodamas fled to Sicily. [166]
In Sicily a son, Aegestus (or Acestes), was born to Egesta, the daughter of Phaenodamas. [167]
7.2 Supporters of Phaenodamas
After Ilus usurped the throne of Wilusa and passed from Dardanus to Ilium, Dardanus was succeeded by Assaracus, son of Tros. [168]
Priam, the son of Laomedon, the son of Ilus, had forty-seven sons. [169]
Antenor, a contemporary of Priam, had 19 sons. [170]
However, only Laomedon is the son of Ilus, and only Capys is the son of Assaracus. [171]
The sons of Assaracus assisted Phaenodamas in the struggle to succeed Ilus, and it is believed that there was a fierce battle in which many sons of Ilus and Assaracus died.
7.3 Participation of Piyama-Radu
Piyama-Radu also participated in the struggle for Ilus's successor as an enemy of Ilus's son Laomedon. [172]
Defeated by the Hittite army, Piyama-Radu crossed over to Lazpa (Lesbos). [173]
At that time, there were Manapa-Tarhunta's vassals of the Seha River Land on the island, who joined Piyama-Radu's army. [174]
The Seha River Land is a region of the Hermus River basin, inhabited by a large tribe of Pelasgians. [175]
Piyama-Radu's Greek name and genealogy are described in "Ancient Greeks mentioned in Hittite texts".
8 Anatolia in the first half of the 13th century BC
In 1295 BC, the Hittite king Mursili II died and was succeeded by Muwatalli II. Shortly after Muwatalli II ascended the throne, the Hittites were in a period of turmoil as they relocated their capital. [176]
8.1 Emigration from Crete to Miletus
In 1295 BC, Miletus, son of Cleochus' daughter Aria, migrated from Crete to Anactria and rebuilt Miletus. [177]
The Carians lived in Millawanda (Miletus), which fell to the Hittite army, and the Miletus lived together with the Carians. [178]
Miletus, son of Aria, is presumed to be Atpa of Millawanda, who appears in Hittite texts.
Atpa married Piyama-Radu's daughter. [179]
8.2 Emigration from Crete to Lycia
Lycastus' son Sarpedon also assisted in the rebuilding of Miletus. [180]
In 1289 BC, Sarpedon migrated from Miletus to Lycia. [181]
The region was originally called Solymi, but became known as Termilae, after the people who migrated from Crete following Sarpedon. [182]
Later, Solymi was driven to the highlands by Bellerophontes (or Bellerophon, Hipponus) and his son Peisander (or Isander). [183]
8.3 Emigration from Athens to Lycia
In 1277 BC, Lycus, son of Pandion, pursued by his brother-in-law Aegeus, emigrated from Athens to Sarpedon in Lycia. [184]
The region where Lycus lived was originally called Termilae, but it became known as Lycia in his honor. [185]
8.4 Expedition of Minyans
The genealogy dates the marriage of Jason, son of Aeson, who lived in Thessaly, to Medea, daughter of Aeetes, who lived in Colchis, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, in 1268 BC. [186]
In 1268 BC, Jason sailed with the Minyans to Colchis and married Medea.
The Minyans migrated from Orchomenus in Boeotia and lived in Iolcus. [187]
The Minyans knew the route to Colchis because of the following events.
Aeetes, son of Sisyphus, migrated from Ephyraea (later Corinth) to Colchis. [188]
Aeetes' grandson Presbon migrated from Colchis to Boeotia. [189]
Clymenus, son of Presbon, became king of the Minyans and settled in Orchomenus. [190]
8.4.1 Participants in the expedition
The following people appear to have participated in Jason's voyage.
1) Autolycus, son of Deimachus of Tricca
2) Protesilaus, son of Iphiclus, who lived in Phylace.
3) Philoctetes, son of Poeas, who lived in Magnesia
8.4.2 Increased trade with the Black Sea coast
After Jason's voyage in 1268 BC, trade with the Black Sea coast via Hellespont became active.
In 1260 BC, when Autolycus, son of Deimachus, migrated to Sinope on the southern coast of the Black Sea, trade between the Black Sea coast and Thessaly became even more active. [191]
8.5 Independence of Wilusa
In 1265 BC, the Hittite Mursili III fought and defeated his uncle Hattusili III. [192]
After this battle, Wilusa (Troy), which had been a vassal state of the Hittites, became independent. [193]
Laomedon of Troy married his daughter Hesione to Erginus, son of Miletus of Millawanda (Miletus), in order to oppose the Hittites. [194]
8.6 Founding of Cyzicus
In 1260 BC, Cyzicus, son of Aeneus, founded Cyzicus on the island of Herron in the Sea of Propontis. [195]
The inhabitants of Cyzicus were the Pelasgians, who migrated from Thessaly after being chased by the Aeolians. [196]
Cyzicus, son of Aeneus, further expanded his power by marrying Cleite, daughter of Merops, ruler of the area around the Rhyndakos River. [197]
Arisbe, sister of Cleite, was the wife of Priam, son of Laomedon. [198]
Merops appears to be the grandson of Adrastus, the godfather of the Adresteia plain. [199]
8.7 Emigration from Thessaly to Sinope
In 1260 BC, Autolycus, son of Deimachus of Tricca in Thessaly, migrated to Sinope on the southern coast of the Black Sea. [200]
Autolycus himself led the inhabitants of Tricca to settle there after joining Jason's expedition in 1268 BC. [201]
Autolycus was a descendant of Peneius' daughter Tricca, the founder of Tricca, whose first inhabitants were the Dorians. [202]
It is assumed that Autolycus was driven out by Ischys, son of Elatus (or Eilatus) of Lapiths who had spread his power from Oechalia near Tricca. [203]
9 Anatolia, late 13th century BC
The Hittite nation was in turmoil due to internal conflicts until Hattusili III was crowned King of the Hittites in 1265 BC. After signing a peace treaty with Ramesses II of Egypt in 1259 BC, Hittite rule stabilized. [204]
9.1 Rebellion of Lukka (Lycia)
9.1.1 Emigration from Eleia to Lycia
In 1250 BC, the Caucones, who lived in Lepreus in southern Eleia, could no longer endure the tyranny of Lepreus, the ruler of that town, and moved to Lycia. [205]
The migration of the Caucones probably triggered a battle between the Greeks and the indigenous people (probably Solymi, Cariaans) in Lycia.
Piyama-Radu supported the Greeks during their rebellion against the Hittites.
Those driven out by Piyama-Radu took refuge in Tawagalawa. [206]
9.1.2 Tawagalawa residence
The Greek name of Tawagalawa is presumed to be Caunos, son of Miletus.
The Caunos migrated east-southeast from Miletus and founded Caunos at Caria, near the border with Lycia. [207]
Caunos' brother Erginus ruled Miletus.
At that time, Millawanda (Miletus) was a vassal state of the Hittites, and Caunos was also a Hittite.
9.1.3 Heracles Assistance
Tradition has it that Heracles served for three years under Omphale of Lydia. [208]
Heracles was in Lydia from 1248 BC to 1246 BC.
It is assumed that Heracles was working with Piyama-Radu during this time.
Alcmena, the sister of Piyama-Radu (Celaeneus), was the mother of Heracles, and Celaeneus was Heracles' uncle.
9.2 Phrygia Invasion of Amazons
In 1250 BC, Priam, son of Laomedon, rushed to help Phrygia, homeland of Leucippe, mother of Priam, which was besieged by the Amazons. [209]
9.3 Cyzicus Incident
In 1248 BC, ship of the Minyans lodged in Cyzicus.
When Cyzicus, the son of Aeneus, the ruler of Cyzicus, learned that they were residents of Thessaly, where his ancestors had been driven out, he attacked them secretly, but was counterattacked and Cyzicus was killed in battle. [210]
Cyzicus belonged to the Doliones, who were renamed by the Pelasgians who were expelled from Thessaly in 1390 BC. [211]
This incident is set around the same time as the Argonauts' expedition, and it is assumed that the story was written around this incident and the expedition of Jason and the Minyans twenty years earlier.
Cyzicus' wife Cleite was the sister of Priam's wife Arisbe of Troy, and Cyzicus was Priam's brother-in-law. [212]
When creating a genealogy, Cyzicus' death was around this time, and this incident seems to be a historical fact.
9.4 First Trojan War (1244 BC)
Although Troy is believed to have been the site of many battles, there were at least three in which the Achaeans took part.
In 1244 BC, Ilus' son Laomedon died and his son Priam (or Podarces) succeeded Wilusa (Troy). [213]
Anchises, son of Capys, and Aesyetes, father of Antenor, deposed Priam and usurped the throne of Wilusa. [214]
Priam fled to Miletus with the help of his sister Hesione, who was married to Miletus. [215]
Priam recaptured Ilium with the support of Hittite and Hittite vassal forces.
Wilusa became independent due to Hittite internal conflict in 1265 BC, but Priam received Hittite aid and became a Hittite vassal state again. [216]
9.4.1 Ruler of Hellespont
After Ilus, son of Tros, usurped the throne of Wilusa and moved from Dardanus to Ilium, Dardanus was succeeded by Assaracus (or Asarakos), father of Capys. [217]
Antenor's father Aesyetes also lived in Dardania. [218]
At that time Anchises, the son of Capys, and Aesyetes, the father of Antenor, lived in Dardania, facing the Hellespont.
Thus, before 1244 BC, the Anchises and Aesyetes ruled Hellespont.
9.4.2 Participation of Achaeans
It is assumed that Anchises and Aesyetes were friends with the following people of Thessaly, who passed through Hellespont and traded with towns on the Black Sea coast.
1) Protesilaus, son of Iphiclus of Phylace
The wife of Protesilaus was Laodamia, daughter of Acastus of Iolcus, where the Minyans lived who knew the route to the Black Sea. [219]
Clymene, the mother of Iphiclus, was the daughter of Minyas, king of the Minyans, and Phylace was also home to the Minyans who immigrated with Clymene. [220]
Furthermore, Mestra, the daughter of Erysichthon (or Aethon), who lived near Phylace, became the wife of Autolycus, son of Deimachus of Tricca, and moved to Sinope on the southern coast of the Black Sea. [221]
After the migration of Autolycus, trade between Thessaly and the Black Sea coast became active, and it is assumed that Protesilaus also engaged in trade.
2) Philoctetes, son of Poeas of Magnesia
Philoctetes lived in Meliboea, near the mouth of the Peneius River in northern Thessaly. [222]
Anchises and Aesyetes received assistance from Protesilaus and Philoctetes.
9.4.3 Involvement of Heracles
Many historical sources tell of Heracles' expedition to Troy. [223]
Legend has it that Heracles returned to Tiryns from Omphale in Lydia and captured Ilium before attacking Elis. [224]
That is, between 1246 BC and 1243 BC.
This coincides with the time when there was a dispute over Priam's succession to the throne.
Ethiopia, ruled by Laomedon's father Ilus, was the birthplace of Perseus' wife Andromeda and the home of Perseus' son Perses. [225]
Perses was the brother of Alcaeus, the father of Amphitryon, the father of Heracles. [226]
It is possible that Heracles participated in the expedition along with Protesilaus and Philoctetes, but the reasons for their participation are inconsistent.
9.4.4 Involvement of Mygdon
Mygdon, who lived in Mysia of Olympene, was driven from his home by Antenor and moved to Paeonia. [227]
Mygdon is presumed to have been the father of Cisseus, the father of Antenor's wife Theano. [228]
The migration of Mygdon was also joined by the Idaean Dactyli, who lived on Mount Ida, and together with Mygdon they settled in Paeonia. [229]
They later became the engineers who mined the Midas riches around Mount Bermius in Macedonia. [230]
Later, the descendants of Mygdon rush to Troy as reinforcements, but to support the sons of Antenor. [231]
9.5 Emigration from Argolis to Lycia
In 1241 BC, Bellerophontes, son of Glaucus, migrated from Isthmus in Argolis to Xanthus in Lycia and married Philonoe, daughter of Iobates. [232]
Iobates was the son of Lycus, son of Pandion, and seems to have summoned Bellerophontes to oppose Solymi, who lived near Xanthus.
Nisus, the father of Eurynome, the mother of Bellerophontes, was the brother of Lycus, the father of Iobates.
In other words, Bellerophontes was a second cousin of Philonoe.
9.6 Emigration from Lycia to Troad
In 1235 BC, Bellerophontes went on an expedition to fight the Amazons who had invaded the Troad. [233]
Presumably, the town where Bellerophontes lived in Lycia also came under Hittite control, and he was sent to support Wilusa (Troy). As a result, some of the Lycians settled around Zeleia near the Aesepus River, creating Lycia on the Troad. [234]
9.7 Emigration from Lycia to Paphlagonia
Bellerophontes' expedition may have included the Caucones, who migrated from Eleia to Lycia. The Caucones settled near the mouth of the Parthenius River in Paphlagonia. [235]
Near the settlement of the Caucones was Cytorus, founded 100 years earlier by Cytissorus, son of Phrixus. [236]
The Caucones, who migrated from Eleia to Lycia, became involved in a war with the Hittites and became vassals of the Hittites. [237]
It is said that the Caucones came to Troy as reinforcements during the Trojan War, probably because, like Troy, they were vassals of the Hittites.
10 Anatolia in the Decline of Hittite
In 1237 BC, the Hittite king Tudhaliya IV fought and defeated the Assyrian king Sulmanu-asared I. [238]
After this battle, Hittite influence in Asia Minor diminished.
10.1 Emigration from Arcadia to Mysia of Pergamene
In 1230 BC, Telephus emigrated from Arcadia to Mysia of Pergamene with his mother Auge. [239]
Telephus lived near Mount Parthenius, just east of Tegea. [240]
Telephus' father was Clymenus, the son of Schoeneus, and Auge could not stand Clymenus's tyranny and moved to Mysia with her son Telephus. [241]
Accompanying Telephus on his migration was Parthenopaeus, son of Atalanta, the sister of Telephus' father Clymenus. [242]
Parthenopaeus had returned home before Adrastus attacked Thebes, and was killed in the campaign. [243]
Mysia of Pergamene was a territory of the Seha River Land, a Hittite vassal, but it seems that the Hittites no longer controlled it.
10.2 Participate in the attack on Thebes from Mysia of Pergamene
In 1205 BC, Tlesimenes, son of Parthenopaeus, was born in Mysia and took part in Epigoni's attack on Thebes from Mysia. [244]
In 1196 BC, Tlesimenes was asked by Thersander, son of Polyneices, who had fought with Epigoni against Thebes, to guide him to Mysia. Thersander died in Mysia. Thersander was trying to relocate the Epigoni captives, including Tiresias' daughter Manto, to Asia Minor. [245]
Based on this, a myth was born that Thersander was killed by Telephus when the Trojan expedition accidentally tried to land on Mysia. [246]
10.3 Emigration from Crete to near Ephesus
In 1200 BC, Rhacius, son of Lebes, migrated from Crete to near Ephesus and founded Colophon. [247]
Rhacius wept when he heard from Tiresias' daughter Manto about the fall of Thebes by the Epigoni. Lebes is a native of Mycenae and is presumed to be the son of Iphitus, son of Sthenelus. [248]
Iphitus' sister Astymedusa was married to Oedipus of Thebes. [249]
10.4 Emigration from Boeotia to Colophon
In 1196 BC, the Epigoni captives, including Tiresias' daughter Manto, emigrated to Asia Minor, where they were taken in and co-resident with the Cretans of Colophon. [250]
Manto married Rhacius and had a son, Mopsus, who became a greater prophet than Calchas, the son of Thestor. [251]
Manto founded the oracle of Apollo in the seaside town of Clarus near Colophon, which was inherited by her son Mopsus. [252]
10.5 Second Trojan War (1188 - 1186 BC)
According to legend, the Achaeans, led by Agamemnon, occupied Troy, and Neotolemus, along with Priam's son Helenus and Hector's sons, migrated to the land of the Molossians. [253]
However, it appears that the Achaeans were unable to capture Troy because of the following:
1) The theologian Jerome of the 5th century AD reports that, "The sons of Hector recaptured Ilium, after the progeny of Antenor had been expelled, Helenus bringing help to them." [254]
2) Dictys of Crete, at the end of Volume 5 of his own account of his direct experience of the Trojan War, note that it was Antenor who finally took control of Ilium. [255]
3) Herodotus tells us that an event comparable to the Persian invasion of Greece occurred 20 generations before Darius. [256]
Herodotus calculates 3 generations as 100 years, so it happened 667 years ago. [257]
Based on Darius' accession to the throne in 522 BC, this tragic event would have taken place around 1189 BC.
10.5.1 Structure and outcome of the battle
In Ilium lived Priam, son of Laomedon, and his sons.
During a struggle for the throne in 1244 BC, Anchises and Aesyetes, who ruled Dardania, were defeated by Priam, and the town of Dardanus was defeated. Dardanus' name does not appear in Homer's works. Hellespont was then under Priam's control.
In 1188 BC, Ilium was captured by the sons of Antenor.
Driven out of Ilium, Priam's sons tried to retake Ilium by recruiting the Achaeans, who had traded with the Black Sea coast using the Hellespont, but were defeated.
Hector, the son of Priam, died, and his wife and sons, accompanied by his brother Helenus and Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, fled to the land of the Molossians. [258]
The Achaeans fought not the sons of Priam, but the sons of Antenor.
10.5.2 Involvement of Hittite
Priam's sons, driven out of Ilium, appear not to have asked the Hittites for help, as their father Priam had done.
At that time, the Hittites were under the reign of the last king Suppiluliuma II.
10.5.3 Wandering of the Achaeans
In 1186 BC, Thesprotians invaded and occupied Thessaly. [259]
Defeated in the battle at Troy and without a place to return to, the Achaeans scattered to various places.
The Achaeans who settled in various parts of the Anatolian peninsula are:
1) Settlement in Bithynia
The Mantineans of Arcadia settled near Bithynium in Bithynia. [260]
Bithynium was the birthplace of Antinous, a favorite of the Roman Emperor Hadrian. Hadrian founded a temple to Antinous at Mantineia in Arcadia, the land of Antinous's ancestors. [261]
2) Settlement in Elaea
Part of the Athenians, led by Menestheus, settled at Elaea, near the Caicus River, opposite Lesbos. [262]
3) Settlement in Colophon
Polypoetes, son of Peirithous of Gyrton in Thessaly, and Leonteus, son of Coronus, of Argisa in Thessaly, settled in Colophon. [263]
4) Settlement in Lydia
The Magnesians of Thessaly first settled in Delphi. In 1173 BC, the Magnesians, along with the Delphians, migrated to Lydia and founded Magnesia. [264]
5) Settlement in Caria
Podalirus, the son of Asclepius, migrated to Caria and founded Syrnus, near Bybastus. [265]
6) Settlement in Pamphylia
Calchas, son of Thestor, migrated to Pamphylia and founded Selge. [266]
It is assumed that Pamphilia, daughter of Mopsus, son of Manto, married Selge from Colophon. She became Pamphylia's godmother. [267]
Later, the inhabitants of Selge became trusted allies of Alexander the Great. [268]
10.6 Emigration from Colophon to Cilicia Pedias
In 1175 BC, Manto's son Mopsus, together with his half-brother Amphilochus, migrated from Colophon to Cilicia Pedias and founded Mallus. [269]
In 333 BC, just before the Battle of Issus, Alexander the Great stopped at Mallus and made a heroic sacrifice to Amphilochus, who had died there over 800 years earlier. [270]
But Amphilochus, the founder of Mallus, was not the son of Amphiaraus of Argos, but the son of Amphiaraus' son Alcmaeon and Manto. That Amphilochus was unrelated to Argos.
10.7 Third Trojan War (1170 BC)
It is assumed that in 1170 BC there was a battle to retake Ilium, which had been captured by the sons of Antenor. The basis for this is the following historical document.
1) The theologian Jerome of the 5th century AD writes, "The sons of Hector recaptured Ilium, after the progeny of Antenor had been expelled, Helenus bringing help to them." [271]
2) The 12th century AD English cleric Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote, "After the descendants of Antenor were expelled, the sons of Hector ruled Troy." [272]
10.7.1 Sons of Hector
In 1188 BC, Ilium was captured by the sons of Antenor, and Priam's sons and grandsons were unable to retake Ilium and migrated elsewhere. [273]
Hector's sons migrated to the land of the Molossians, accompanied by Neoptolemus and Helenus. [274]
In 1175 BC, Neoptolemus sacked Delphi and was killed in battle with the Delphians led by Machaereus, son of Daetas. [275]
Andromache, the mother of Hector's sons, was married to Neoptolemus, but she remarried Helenus. [276]
Hector had at least three sons.
namely, Scamandrius (or Astyanax), Laodamas, and Saperneios. [277]
When creating a family tree, there is a large age difference between Hector and Andromache. It is assumed that Hector had many sons with other wives before marrying Andromache.
10.7.2 Structure and outcome of the battle
In 1188 BC, Ilium was captured by the sons of Antenor.
The sons of Priam, with the support of the Achaeans, tried to recapture Ilium, but were defeated and scattered to various places.
In 1170 BC, when the sons of Hector came of age, Helenus, son of Priam, gave them an army to attack Ilium. The core of that army was the Myrmidons, which had long ago been under the command of Achilles and Neoptolemus. However, many of the troops were Achaeans who had fled from Thessaly to Locris and migrated with Neoptolemus to the land of the Molossians.
The sons of Hector gathered the descendants of Priam from all over the country to add to their strength and retake Ilium, which had been occupied by the sons of Antenor. [278]
11 Anatolia after the fall of Hittite
Around 1180 BC, the Hittites became extinct.
In 1170 BC, Orestes, son of Agamemnon, helped a group of settlers led by Peisander of Amyclae settle Tenedos off the coast of the Troad. [279]
After this, Aeolians and Ionians began colonizing the Anatolian Peninsula.
Details of their colonization activities are described in "Asia Minor Colony".
11.1 Emigration from Cyprus to Cilicia Tracheia
In 1160 BC, Ajax, possibly the son of Teucer, son of Telamon, migrated from Cyprus to Cilicia Tracheia and ruled the Olbe region. [280]
Philocyprus, who founded Soli in Cilicia Pedias, is thought to be a descendant of this Ajax. [281]
11.2 Emigration from Epirus to Mysia of Pergamene
In 1156 BC, Pergamus, son of Neoptolemus, emigrated from Epirus to Asia Minor with his mother Andromache and founded Pergamon. [282]
Scamandrius (also known as Astyanax), son of Andromache and Hector, lived in Scepsis. [283]
Scepsis was three days' journey from Pergamon. Andromache likely reunited with Scamandrius.
11.3 Asia Minor Intrusion by Amazons
The Amazons founded and lived in Themiscyra at the mouth of the Thermodon, east of Sinope on the southern coast of the Black Sea. [284]
This invasion of the Amazons occurred during the reign of Oxyntes, son of Demophon, king of Athens. [285]
Amazons left names like Ephesus, Smyrna, Cyme, and Myrine throughout Asia Minor. [286]
However, when Aeolians and Ionians colonized Asia Minor, the indigenous people were Carians, not Amazons.
Amazons appear to have lived in Asia Minor for a short period of time.
11.3.1 Founding of Ephesus
In 1150 BC, Amazons led by Smyrna attacked Ephesus and burned down the temple. [287]
Otrera of the Amazons built the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. [288]
Many historical sources say that the Amazons founded Ephesus. [289]
11.4 Emigration from Cyzicus to Troad
In 1115 BC, the inhabitants of Cyzicus were chased by the Tyrrhenians and migrated to Antandros on the Troad. [290]
The Tyrrhenians were not a tribe of the Italian peninsula, but were probably Minyans who lived in Lemnos, also called Tyrhenia. [291]
In 1115 BC, the Pelasgians, forced from Athens, migrated to Lemnos. [292]
The Minyans, who were living in Lemnos at that time, migrated to Lacedaemon. [293]
Some of the Minyans are believed to have migrated to Cyzicus, where the Pelasgians (Doliones), who had previously attacked their ancestors, drove them out. [294]
11.5 Founding of Halicarnassus and Myndus
In 1070 BC, Anthes, a descendant of Aetius, son of Anthas, son of Alcyone, led a group of immigrants from Troezen and settled in Caria, where he founded Halicarnassus and Myndus. [295]
The Anthes emigrants were included in the emigrants led by Althaemenes, son of Ceisus, son of Temenos of Argos. [296]
After settling in Rhodes, the Althaemene emigrants also moved to Halicarnassus, Cnidus, and Cos. [297]
12 Anatolia since the 8th century BC
12.1 Emigration from Megara to Bithynia
In 712 BC, Zypoetes of Megara led a group of immigrants to Bithynia, where they founded a town that would later be named Astacus. [298]
In 434 BC, the inhabitants of the town called for a group of immigrants to be sent to Athens after attacks from neighboring tribes. As a result, the town prospered after the Athenians, led by Doedalsus, moved into the town. [299]
The town was named Astacus, after the name of Sparti of Thebes. [300]
Astacus was a leader of the Gephyraeans who migrated to Athens from around Tanagra in 1200 BC. [301]
12.2 Gyges, son of Dascylus
In 680 BC, Gyges became king of Lydia. [302]
Herodotus tells a detailed story of how Gyges acquired the royal power. [303]
However, in reality, it was a rebellion by Gyges. Arselis of Mylasa in Caria sided with Gyges and led an army to destroy Candaules. [304]
12.2.1 Genealogy of Gyges
Gyges' predecessor, King Candaules of Lydia, had been at war with nearby Magnesia, but Gyges' control extended as far as Hellespontus. Miletus, with the permission of Gyges, built Abydus near Propontis. [305]
The reason Gyges was able to expand his reach northward during his first generation is probably because he was a native of Dascylium in Hellespontus.
Gyges was a descendant of Dascylus, son of Otreus, in the 13th century BC.
Gyges was descendant of the Pelasgians who migrated from Thessaly to Asia. [306]
After the Trojan War, Archelaus, the son of Penthilus, the son of Orestes, led the Achaeans in colonizing the area around Gyges' birthplace, Dascylium. [307]
Both the Pelasgians and the Achaeans were enemies of the Ionians, and were one of the reasons for Lydia's frequent invasions of Ionian towns after the time of Gyges.
12.2.2 Genealogy of Candaules
Herodotus, in his genealogy of the kings of Lydia, tells us that Candaules (or Myrsilus) was a descendant of Agron, son of Ninus, son of Belus, son of Alcaeus, son of Heracles. [308]
However, Alcaeus is the real name of Heracles, and Belus and Ninus are the names of kings of Assyria, so they seem to be random genealogies.
Herodotus tells the story of Candaules being usurped by Gyges, who showed him his wife's naked body, but does not mention his wife's name. [309]
Herodotus knew his wife's name but did not write it down because it was the same as the name of the abominable woman he loved and who caused his successor, Plesirrhous, to commit suicide. Candaules' wife's name was Nysia. [310]
12.3 Emigration from Macedonia to Mysia of Olympene
In 670 BC, Midas, son of Gordias of Briges, migrated from Macedonia to Phrygia, chased by Perdicas, son of Tirimmus. [311]
Tirimmus was the grandson of Caranus, the founder of the kingdom of Macedonia. [312]
12.3.1 Midas Residence
Both Plutarch and Athenaeus tell us that Midas lived in Celaenae. [313]
Pseudo-Plutarch also tells us that there was a legend of Marsyas in Celaenae, within the territory of Midas. [314]
Strabo and Herodotus write about this Celaenae as Greater Phrygia. [315]
However, for the following reasons, it is presumed that this Celaenae was located in Mysia of Olympene.
1) Plutarch tells us that Midas, who lived in Celaenae, touched the altar of the Idaean Zeus and turned it into gold. The residence of Midas is thought to have been near Mount Ida. [316]
2) Euripides states that Marsyas lived in "Celaenae, in the farmost region of Ida". [317]
3) Marsyas was a shepherd near Mount Ida. [318]
4) Midas was the king of Mygdonia. [319]
The Mygdonians were a tribe around Cyzicus. [320]
12.3.2 Reasons for choosing destination
Midas lived near Mt. Bermius in Macedonia before emigrating. Midas' ancestors appear to be Mygdon, who migrated from Mysia of Olympene to Paeonia. [321]
Diodorus tells us that Mygdon went to Europe with the Idaean Dactyli. [322]
Mygdon is presumed to be the son of Otreus, the father of Laomedon's wife Leucippe (or Placia). [323]
In other words, Midas chose Mysia of Olympene, where his ancestors once lived, as his destination.
12.3.3 Battle of Midas and Gyges
Midas was attacked by King Gyges of Lydia and came under Lydia's control. [324]
Details are described in "Battle between Gyges and Midas" below.
12.3.4 Death of Midas
Midas reportedly died by drinking the blood of a bull during the invasion of the Cimmerians. [325]
However, since Gyges, King of Lydia, died in a battle with the Cimmerians, it seems likely that Midas, who was under Lydia's control, also died in a battle with the Cimmerians. [326]
12.3.5 Emigration to Phrygia
In 660 BC, after a battle with Gyges, Gordias, son of Midas, migrated to Phrygia, near Pessinus, upstream of the Sangarius River. Midas, son of Gordias, later founded Ancyra. [327]
12.4 Battle between Gyges and Midas
In 670 BC, Midas migrated from Macedonia to Mysia of Olympene and expanded his influence with the power of wealth. Midas' residence was near Dascylium, the birthplace of Gyges.
In 660 BC, Gyges attacked Midas and took control of Lydia. [328]
Herodotus tells us that Midas dedicated his throne to Delphi before Gyges.
However, it is also said that the throne was located in the same place as the votive offering of Gyges. [329]
It is thought that Gyges dedicated Midas's throne to Delphi as part of the spoils he had won in battle with Midas.
12.5 Founding of Soli
In 585 BC, Solon of Athens helped found Soli in Cilicia Pedias. [330]
The builder of Soli was Philocyprus, who lived in Aipeia, which was above Soli. Philocyprus appears to be a descendant of Teucer's son Ajax. [331]
Aipeia was a hard and poor land. Aipeia is presumed to have been Cyinda (or Quinda), which was later used as a place for the storage of goods by Alexander the Great. [332]
Achaeans and Rhodians from Lindus of Rhodes participated in the construction of Soli. [333]
The fact that Rhodes also participated was due to the friendship between Solon and Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men of Greece. [334]
Cleobulus, son of Euagoras, was ruler of Lindus of Rhodes. [335]
12.6 Founding of Tarsus and Iopolis
Among the Rhodians who took part in the construction of Soli were the Argives, who migrated to Rhodes with Tlepolemus. They founded Tarsus near Soli, led by Triptolemus. [336]
The Argives, led by Gordys, son of Triptolemus, settled near the Orontes River in Syria and founded Iopolis. [337]
In 300 BC, when Seleucus Nicator founded Antioch on the Orontes, he treated the Argives of Iopolis by moving them to his new city. [338]
On Mount Silpion in Iopolis was a temple said to have been founded by Perseus. [339]
Legend has it that Tarsus was founded by Perseus, the son of Danae. [340]
12.7 Croesus, son of Alyattes (or Odyartes)
12.7.1 Boar hunting at Olympus
In 552 BC, Croesus, king of Lydia, attacked Prusias of Prusa, north of Mount Olympus in Mysia. [341]
Prusias is thought to be a descendant of Midas, who migrated from Macedonia to Mysia of Olympene. [342]
Adrastus, the son of Gordias, killed his brother Agathon, was driven from his homeland, and took refuge with Croesus. [343]
Croesus attacked Prusa on the pretext of reinstating Adrastus against his brother Prusias, who had exiled Adrastus.
In the battle, Atys, the son of Croesus, was killed. [344]
On this subject, Herodotus created a story in which Adrastus accidentally killed Atys during a boar hunt on Mount Olympus. [345]
12.7.2 Croesus and Solon meeting
Herodotus tells an anecdote about Solon, one of the seven wise men of Greece, meeting Croesus. [346]
Plutarch also reports that Solon met Croesus during a 10-year journey starting in 593 BC, after completing his term as achon of Athens. [347]
However, Herodotus notes that Croesus died in the 14th year of his reign (546 BC). It is impossible for Solon to meet Croesus, who is sitting on the throne, during his journey. [348]
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