1 Introduction
On the Anatolia Peninsula, the Hittite empire, which was born in the BC 17 century, was expanding its power. [1]
The first Greek to settle in the northwestern part of the Anatolian peninsula was Teucrus, who migrated from Crete around 1435 BC.
After 1390 BC, the Greeks expanded into the Propontis and the Black Sea, and the kingdom of Troy, located on the Strait of Hellespontus, rapidly developed.
The rise of Troy led to the migration of Pelops to the Peloponnesus peninsula.
2 Settlement of Troas from various places
2.1 Settlement from Crete (Teucrus)
2.1.1 Iron discovery in Crete
The 1st century AD philosopher Thrasyllus tells us that there were 73 years between the “Flood” and the “discovery of iron” in Crete. He goes on to tell us that it was 220 years from the “discovery of iron” to “Adrastus' attack on Thebes.”
The invasion of Thebes by Adrastus is estimated to have taken place in 1215 BC, so the “flood” occurred in 1508 BC. [2]
The Great Flood during the time of Hellen's father Deucalion is estimated to have occurred in 1511 BC for the following reasons, so it is closest to this “Flood”.
The 2nd century BC chronicler Castor tells us that this flood occurred during the time of Cecrops, the first Athenian king. The 2nd century AD writer Apollodoros says that it was during the time of Cranaus, the second king of Athens. In other words, it is presumed that this occurred in the year when Cecrops, the first king of Athens, was replaced by Cranaus, the second king of Athens. [3]
Based on Castor's list of the Kings of Athens, counting backwards from the first Olympiad (776 BC), the year Cecrops was replaced by Cranaus is 1511 BC. [4]
Therefore, the year iron was discovered on Mount Ida in Crete is estimated to be 1438 BC, 73 years after the Deucalian Flood (1511 BC).
2.1.2 Birth of Idaean Dactyls
The first to discover iron in Crete were Celmis and Damnameneus and their brothers. [5]
The tragic poet Sophocles of the 5th century BC tells of “certain person” who lived at the foot of Mount Ida in Crete and had five sons who were the first to discover iron. [6]
They further invented iron processing and taught the smelting and tempering of iron at Aptera in Berecynthus of Crete, where they became known as the Ideaan Dactyls. [7]
The “certain person” was Melisseus, the father of Amalthaea (or Althaea), Melissa, Adrastia (or Adrasta), and Ida (or Idothea), and the leader of Aptera. [8]
2.1.3 Ancestry of Idaean Dactyls
The Telchines were the first to discover iron on Crete, and from their clan came the metallurgically skilled Ideaan Dactyls. [9]
The Telchines were a transcendent race that brought technological innovation to the ancient Aegean Sea world. They were children of the sea with great navigation skills, inventors, introducers, and sometimes magicians with scientific knowledge. [10]
In 1690 BC, the founder of the Telchins, Telchin, son of Aegialeus (or Aezeius) of Sicyon, fought and defeated Apis of Argos. Cres, son of Telchin, migrated to Crete. [11]
Hephaestus, son of Talos, son of Cres, married Cabeiro, ancestor of Cabeiri. Telchines also had a religious element, and Telchines, Cabeiri, and Ideaan Dactyls were equated. [12]
2.1.4 Emigration of Teucrus to Troas
Celmis (or Kelmis) and Damnameneus, who first discovered iron in Crete and were called the Ideaan Dactyls, also discovered iron in Cyprus. It is clear that they were engaged in exploration activities in various places in the early days. [13]
Celmis' sister Ida (or Idothea) had a son Teucrus (or Teucer, Teukros). [14]
In 1435 BC, Teucrus led a group of emigrants from Aptera and landed near Hamaxitus of Troas, in the northwest of the Anatolian peninsula. [15]
The Idaean Dactyls, who accompanied Teucrus, explored the veins north of Hamaxitus and found a promising site around Mount Ida. They settled there and expanded their search to islands such as Lemnos off the coast. They were already on the island when Cadmus docked at Samothrace. [16]
Teucrus' immigrant group also included Cabeiri. Cabeiri also traveled to Samothrace, accompanying the Ideaan Dactyls, to spread the Cabeiri faith.
Teucrus founded the town of Teucrus (later Dardanus) near the Strait of Hellespontus. [17]
2.2 Settlement from Arcadia (Dardanus)
2.2.1 Emigration to Samothrace
In 1430 BC, a prolonged flood occurred in central Arcadia, and Dardanus, son of Electra, daughter of Orchomenus, son of Lycaon, who lived in Methydrium, was also affected. [18]
The Methydrium was located on a small hill between the Maloetas and Mylaon rivers, which flow at an altitude of about 1,000 m. [19]
Dardanus led his people from the Peloponnesus peninsula and moved north through the Aegean Sea to Samothrace, located off the coast of the Melas Gulf before the Straits of Hellespontos. [20]
2.2.2 Emigration to Troas
Dardanus' younger brother Iasion married Cybele and had a son, Corybas. [21]
Cybele was one of the Cabeiri in Teucrus's emigrant party who crossed from Crete to Samothrace with the Idaean Dactyls.
In 1425 BC, a group of immigrants led by Cadmus stayed in Samothrace, and Cadmus married Dardanus' sister Harmonia. [22]
The Cadmus emigrants set sail from Samothrace, heading further to Thrace. Cadmus was also accompanied by Idaean Dactyls and Cabeiri. Cadmus discovered gold near Mount Pangaeus, north of the Chalcidice peninsula, before the Greek invasion. This discovery was made possible by the great metallurgy of the Idaean Dactyls. [23]
In 1420 BC, a huge tsunami suddenly hit Samothrace. At this time, Iasion and Dardanus' wife Chryse (or Chyse) were victims of the tsunami. Dardanus left Samothrace, taking Cybele and her son Corybas. [24]
When Dardanus went to Troas, the town of Teucrus was inhabited by Teucrus, who had immigrated some time earlier from Crete. [25]
Dardanus remarried Teucrus' daughter Bateia, and after Teucrus' death Dardanus inherited the region. [26]
The town of Teucrus became known as the town of Dardanus. [27]
2.2.3 Subsequent Cybele and Corybas
Iasion's wife Cybele and Corybas, who went to Troas with Dardanus, lived at the foot of Mount Ida with the Idaean Dactyls. [28]
It is said that there was a sacred area in Corybissa, located about 7 km north-northwest from the summit of Mt. Ida, and it is presumed that they lived near that area. [29]
Cybele was worshiped as a goddess, and Corybas called those who celebrated his mother's rituals Corybantes, and taught the dance to the people. [30]
Their dance was called the Cordax, and they were armed, clanked their weapons, blew the Aulos flute, shouted, and performed a divine dance that astounded and frightened the people. [31]
The Aulos flute was also called Berecyntian or Phrygian, and was also connected to Tantalus, ruler of the land of Berecyntes. [32]
Corybas married Thebe, daughter of Cilix, from Thebe, about 20 km southeast of Mount Ida, and they had a daughter, Ide. [33]
Cybele then moved to Pessinus in Phrygia, where she became known as the Mother of the gods, the Mountain Mother, Phrygia the Great Goddess, etc. [34]
2.3 Settlement from Crete (Minos)
2.3.1 Founding of Cydonia
In 1430 BC, a group led by Cydon, son of Tegeates of Tegea in Arcadia, migrated to northwest Crete and founded Cydonia near Aptera. [35]
The Cydonian emigrants traveled part of the way with the emigrants of Dardanus who migrated to Samothrace. [36]
Cydon and Dardanus were descendants of Lycaon, son of Pelasgus, who founded Lycosura in southern Arcadia. Cydon was the son of Tegeates, son of Lycaon, and Dardanus was the son of Electra, daughter of Orchomenus, son of Lycaon. [37]
Also included in this Cydonian emigrant group was Parus, son of Parrhasius, son of Lycaon, who migrated from Parrhasia in Arcadia to Paros. [38]
2.3.2 Marriage of Cydon and Europa
In 1425 BC, a group of immigrants led by Cadmus, son of Agenor, docked at Cydonia, and Europa, the daughter of Phoenix, who was among the group, married Cydon. [39]
Cydon and Europa were Pelasgians whose common ancestor was Triopas (or Triops), son of Phorbas (or Peranthus, Piras) of Argos.
Cydon and Europa had two sons, Minos and Cardys. [40]
In 1420 BC, a massive tsunami struck the north coast of Crete and destroyed Cydonia. Cydon died in this tsunami. Europa remarried Asterius, son of Tectamus, who had migrated from Dryopia to Crete after the great tsunami. Europa left Minos and Cardys in Cydonia and moved to Cnossus. [41]
Minos married Androgeneia from Phaistos in south-central Crete and had a son, Asterios. [42]
Cardys married the daughter of Acmon (aka Ideaan Heracles), son of Socos, and they had a son, Clymenus. [43]
Then Asterius, son of Tectamus, died without leaving an heir. The Dorians of Cnossus summoned Minos, son of Europa, to Cnossus and married Itone, daughter of Lyctus, to succeed Asterius. [44]
Lyctus was the founder of the town of Lyctus, southeast of Cnossus, and is presumed to be the son of Asterius' maternal grandfather Cretheus. [45]
2.3.3 Emigration of Minos to Troas
Europa's son Minos is said to be the first Minos, and there is a birth age difference of over 100 years between him and the second Minos. However, there are almost no records of that period. This seems to be because he did not live in Crete during that period, and it is assumed that he was:
In 1390 BC, Cnossus in northern Crete was hit by a huge tsunami, which also affected Minos. [46]
Minos took refuge with his brother Cardys, who lived in Cydonia, where he spent his childhood. However, Cardys was similarly affected by the tsunami. Minos and Cardys picked up victims from Aptera and moved to Troas, joining a group of Telchines headed for Asia Minor. At that time, the Telchines of Rhodes sailed freely in the Aegean Sea, traveling between Crete, Lemnos, and Troas on the opposite shore.
Cardys then returned to Cydonia, but Minos settled near the city of Dardanus, which was then ruled by Dardanus' son Erichthonius.
At that time, Corybas, the son of Dardanus' brother Iasion, who had been taken across the sea by Dardanus, was living with his mother Cybele near Mount Ida. Corybas married Thebe, daughter of Cilix, son of Agenor, and they had a daughter, Ide. A son, Lyctius, was born to Minos. Lyctius and Ide later married. [47]
Lyctius and Ide were a kindred spirit whose common ancestor was Lycaon, son of Pelasgus of Arcadia.
The descendants of Minos amassed wealth through gold mining in Astyra, near Dardanus, and returned to Crete. They possessed many ships, expelled the pirate-like inhabitants of the islands that were threatening maritime traffic at the time, and gained control of many islands, gaining control of the Aegean Sea. [48]
Afterwards, the Minos family returned to Crete, during the time of the second Minos.
Plato writes in Gorgias that Minos and Rhadamanthys were born in Asia. [49]
Regarding the marriage between Minos and Perseis' daughter Pasiphae, it is more reasonable to think that she married from Colchis to Troas than to think that Pasiphae married from Colchis to Crete. [50]
2.4 Settlement from Egypt (Belus)
The tsunami of 1390 BC also affected Archander, the son of Achaeus, who migrated from Argos and founded Archandropolis in the NileDelta of Egypt. [51]
Belus, son of Archander, led a group of emigrants who sailed from Egypt to Argos. Belus ends up traveling with a group of immigrants from Aeetes, son of Sisyphus of Corinth, who are on a journey to find a new world.
Aeetes and Belus were a kindred spirit whose common ancestor was Hellen, son of Deucalion. [52]
Corinth which had just been founded by Sisyphus, son of Aeolus, Athens, and Eleusis were also affected by the tsunami.
Boreas of Athens and Ceryx of Eleusis also traveled with the Aeetes emigrants.
The emigrants moved north through the Aegean Sea, and Ceryx settled in Thracia, on the opposite shore of Thasos Island.
The Boreas moved up the Hebrus River (now the Maritsa River) on the other side of the Samothrace, and settled further up the tributary Rheginia River (now the Ergene River).
Aeetes and Belus passed through the Strait of Hellespontos and entered Propontis. Belus, who led a group of Egyptian immigrants, found a suitable place and settled near the mouth of the Aesepus, just before Cyzicus. Aeetes sailed through the Bosporos Strait into the Black Sea, keeping their eyes on the shore to their right, and sailing to the eastern end, where they settled at the mouth of the Phasis River. [53]
Belus’s settlement became known as Ethiopia.
2.5 Settlement from Crete (Clymenus)
In 1345 BC, Clymenus, son of Cardys, migrated from Cydonia in Crete to Olympia on the Peloponnesus Peninsula. In 1344 BC, Clymenus was exiled to Endymion, son of Aethlius of Elis. [54]
Clymenus was the grandson of the Ideaan Heracles. [55]
Cardys, the father of Clymenus, lived in Cydonia, and since he was only one generation removed from Cydon, the city's founder, Cardys is presumed to be Cydon's son.
Therefore, Clymenus' mother was the daughter of the Idaean Heracles.
Cardys once lived in Troas with his brother Minos.
Cardys' son Clymenus was born in Troas, and is also thought to have been raised there.
For some reason, Clymenus left Cydonia and moved to Olympia, and it is assumed that he was forced out of that town and went to his native Troas.
This Clymenus is presumed to be the father of Tantalus, the father of Agamemnon's great-grandfather Pelops. There are three grounds for this assumption.
1) Clymenus was from Cydonia in Crete, and just to the east Aptera was in Berecynthus, where Mount Cabeirus is located. The domain of Tantalus was called the land of Berecyntes. [56]
2) Pelops, the son of Tantalus, came to Greece and his destination was Pisa, which ruled Olympia, where Clymenus had been chased. [57]
3) Pelops sacrificed to the temple of Athena surnamed Cydonian built by Clymenus before the battle with Oenomaus of Pisa. [58]
2.6 Settlement from Argos (Perseus)
Perseus, son of Danae, daughter of Acrisius king of Argos, killed his grandfather's brother Proetus and fled to the island of Seriphus. [59]
Perseus went from the island of Seriphus to Troas and married Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus, son of Belus. [60]
Archander, the father of Belus, also had a son named Metanastes by Scaea, daughter of Danaus. [61]
Metanastes also had a son named Pilumnus, who married Danae. [62]
In other words, Perseus and Andromeda were also second cousins.
3 Rise of Troy
3.1 Age of Erichthonius (1385?-60? BC)
Dardanus had a son, Erichthonius. The Erechtheian plain, named after him, was home to 3,000 mares. [63]
In 1381 BC, Erichthonius' sister Idaea married Phineus, son of Belus, son of Archander, son of Achaeus, who lived in the land of the Ethiopians near Cyzicus. [64]
Phineus then moved to the southwestern coast of the Black Sea and founded Salmydessus. [65]
During the time of Erichthonius, the Trojan royal family and the Ethiopians had good relations.
3.2 Age of Tros (1360?-30? BC)
A son, Tros, was born to Erichthonius. Tros gathered together his surrounding tribes and founded Troy, named after himself. [66]
Tros had three sons, Ilus (or Ilos), Ganymedes (or Ganymede), Assaracus (or Asarakos), and a daughter, Cleomestra (or Cleopatra).
3.2.1 In-law relationship with Tantalus
Tros had a daughter named Eurythemiste, who married Tantalus and had Pelops.
The 2nd century BC orator Dio Chrysostom states that the descendants of Atreus were connected to the royal family of Troy through Pelops. [67]
Since Pelops' father, Tantalus, is not related to the Trojan royal family, it is likely that Pelops' mother was a woman related to the Trojan royal family.
The 5th century BC historian Pherecydes of Athens also says that Pelops' mother was Eurythemiste, the daughter of Xanthus. [68]
Xanthus was the Scamander river god of Troas, and was one generation of Tros before Tantalus, and Eurythemiste is thought to be Tros' daughter. [69]
The marriage of Tantalus and Eurythemiste is dated to 1341 BC.
During the time of Tros, Tantalus, who lived around Mount Ida, and the royal family of Troy had good relations.
3.2.2 Advancement of Achaeans
In 1355 BC, the sons of Idea, Thynus and Paphlagon (or Paphlagonus), migrated to Phrygia and Paphlagonia, becoming the progenitors of the Thynians and Paphlagonians, respectively. [70]
The sons of Idaea, Bithynus and Mariandynus, migrated to Bithynia and became the founders of the Bithynians and Mariandynians, respectively. [71]
They were the Achaeans, descendants of Archander, who migrated from Thessaly to Asia Minor via Argos and Egypt.
3.3 Age of Ilus (1330?-1297 BC)
Tros was succeeded by his son Ilus.
3.3.1 Usurpation of the Wilusa's throne
The Hittite texts reveals the following:
1) In Ilium near Dardanus was the Hittite vassal Wilusa.
2) Wilusa existed from the time of the Hittite king Hattusili I (1650-20 BC). [72]
3) Wilusa king Kukkunni was a contemporary of Suppiluliuma I (1344-22 BC). [73]
From the above, it is assumed that Ilus, son of Tros, took the daughter of King Wilusa as his wife, and when King Wilusa died, usurped the throne from the rightful heir to the throne.
It seems that the Hittites did not conquer Wilusa by force, but allowed him to inherit the throne as son-in-law of King Wilusa.
Kukkunni corresponds to Ilus or Ilus's wife's father, but from the estimation of Alaksandu mentioned later, Kukkunni seems to be Ilus.
3.3.2 Eastward expansion
Ilus, who succeeded King Wilusa and had the backing of the Hittites, expelled Tantalus, who lived in the land of Berecyntes. After Tantalus left, the land was given to Adrastus, the father of Ilus's wife Eurydice, and the region was henceforth called Adrasteia. [74]
Ilus then expanded his power by advancing further east into Mysia and fighting Byzos of Bebryces. [75]
However, Mysia did not become a Trojan territory, but instead became a vassal state, and participated as reinforcements during the Trojan War. [76]
Byzos was a descendant of Dolion, son of Silenus, who was driven from Thessaly and settled near Lake Ascania, southeast of the Propontis Sea. The Bebryces appear to be a branch of the Doliones, whose ancestry was Dolion. [77]
3.4 Age of Laomedon (1297-1236 BC)
3.4.1 Descriptions in Hittite texts
Hittite texts mention the Hittite king Mursili II (1321-1295 BC) and the Wilusa king Alaksandu who entered into an alliance with Muwatalli II (1295-72 BC). [78]
Furthermore, the Treaty of Alaksandu concluded between Muwatalli II and Alaksandu contains the following passage: “Because of the oath I made to your (Alaksandu) father (Kukkunni), I (Muwatalli II) answered your call for help and killed your enemies in your place.” [79]
3.4.2 Battle for succession to the throne
The Greek name of Alaksandu in Hittite texts is presumed to be Laomedon, son of Ilus.
In 1296 BC, Ilus was succeeded on the throne by his son Laomedon. [80]
Laomedon concluded a treaty with Mursili II (1321-1295 BC) upon his accession to the throne. [81]
Laomedon was then expelled from Ilium by his competitors. [82]
The people who exiled Laomedon were probably Phaenodamas (or Hippotes) and Aesyetes, sons of Ilus, neither of whom has his father's name recorded in historical sources.
Laomedon attacked Ilium with the support of the Hittite army and the armies of Hittite vassals.
It was Muwatalli II who restored Laomedon to the throne, and the attack on Ilium is estimated to have occurred in 1295 BC. [83]
Around this time, the Hittites conquered Arzawa and made it their vassal state, and also had great influence in Asia Minor. [84]
In this battle, Aesyetes was killed and buried on the heights of Ilium. [85]
Phaenodamas was killed along with his sons. [86]
The remaining three daughters of Phaenodamas fled to Sicily. [87]
3.4.3 Hesione, daughter of Laomedon
3.4.3.1 Hesione’s marriage partner
Hesione appears in the Ninth Labor of Heracles. Hesione becomes a human sacrifice to a monster, but Heracles saves her, but it is fiction. [88]
There are four clues to understanding Hesione as a historical fact.
1) Priam's sister had a son named Trambelus. [89]
2) Achilles killed Trambelus, son of Telamon. [90]
3) Trambelus, whom Achilles killed, was king of the Leleges of Miletus. [91]
4) During Heracles' campaign against Troy, Hesione was given to Telamon. [92]
Based on the above clues, it is assumed that Hesione married the king of Miletus.
3.4.3.2 Timing of Hesione’s marriage
According to Hittite texts, Hittite king Mursili III attacked his uncle (later Hattusili III) and was defeated. [93]
In 1265 BC, Wilusa (Troy) and Ahhiyawa (Achaeans) supported Mursili III.
After the battle, Wilusa, which had previously been subordinate to the Hittites, became independent. [94]
Laomedon of the independent Wilusa, in an attempt to form a marriage with Millawanda (Miletus), an ally of Ahhiyawa, sent his daughter Hesione in marriage to the town of Miletus. [95]
The date of Hesione's marriage is estimated to have been around 1260 BC, a few years after the accession of Hattusili III (1265-35 BC) and at a time when Laomedon was becoming increasingly threatened by the Hittites.
3.4.3.3 Hesione's husband
The man Hesione married was the king of the Leleges of Miletus. [96]
The founder of Miletus was Miletus, son of Aria, daughter of Cleochus, who was called Atpa in Hittite texts. [97]
Miletus, the son of Aria, had a son named Caunos who migrated to Caria and founded Caunus, but the name of the son who inherited the town of Miletus from his father is unknown. [98]
Hesione's husband inherited the town of Miletus from his father, but it was attacked and defeated by the Hittite army. Miletus became a vassal of the Hittites, and Hesione's husband was forgiven and left in charge of Miletus. [99]
3.4.3.4 Marriage lore of Hesione and Telamon
Many traditions tell of Hesione's marriage to Telamon, son of Aeacus. [100]
This legend appears to be a fabrication to make Teucer, son of Telamon, the heir to the royal family of Troy.
Teucer moved to Cyprus and founded Salamis. At that time, the inhabitants of the town were Trojans. [101]
It is assumed that the rulers of Salamis, descendants of Teucer, spread the myth that they were descendants of the royal family of Troy in order to subjugate the population. [102]
3.4.4 Priam's mother
Laomedon rushed to the homeland of his wife Leucippe (or Placia), which had been attacked by the Amazons, as reinforcements. [103]
Leucippe's father, Otreus, was a descendant of Dolion, son of Silenus, who was driven from Thessaly in 1390 BC and settled near Lake Ascania, southeast of the Propontis Sea. Aeneus, father of Cyzicus who died fighting an expedition of Argonauts, appears to be the son of Otreus. [104]
Otreus belonged to the Doliones, who lived around Cyzicus, from Aesepus to the Rhyndacus River and Lake Dascylitis. Cyzicus, the son of Aeneus, was also a Dolionian. [105]
Otreus migrated from the vicinity of Lake Ascania to lands east of Cyzicus, facing the Propontis Sea. Otreus founded a town named after his daughter Placia. Placia married Laomedon of Ilium and became the mother of Priam. [106]
3.4.5 Legend of the Great Expedition to the Ionian Sea
Herodotus tells us that the Teucrians and Mysians made a great expedition from Troas far west to the Ionian Sea. [107]
This expedition is presumed to have taken place during the time of Laomedon, but Laomedon did not participate and is thought to have been simply a migration of the Mysians.
At this time, the leader of the Mysians was Mygdon. [108]
This expedition also included the Idaean Dactyls, who lived on Mount Ida. Some of them settled with the Mysians in Paeonia, north of Macedonia. [109]
In the 7th century BC, Midas, son of Gordias, a descendant of Mygdon, migrated from near Mt. Bermius to the Mysia of Olympene, where Mygdon once lived, and settled in Celaenae. [110]
The Mysians who followed Mygdon were called Mygdones. [111]
Descendants of those who migrated to Paeonia during this great expedition sent reinforcements to Troy during the Trojan War. [112]
Descendants of the Paeonia settlers continued to live during Darius the Great's expedition to Greece, but some of them were returned to Asia by the Persians. [113]
3.5 Age of Priam (1236-1186 BC)
3.5.1 Battle for succession to the throne
3.5.1.1 Exile of Walmu
When Laomedon died, a struggle for succession to the throne ensued. Walmu of Wilusa, who lost the battle for succession to the throne, fled to Milawata (Miletus). King Hittite asked his vassal King Milawata to hand over Walmu to the Hittites so that he could be made king of Wilusa. [114]
This Walmu is presumed to be Laomedon's son Priam (or Podarces), who appears as Laomedon's next king of Troy. [115]
Priam seems to have defected to Miletus, relying on his sister Hesione, who had married into the town of Miletus.
3.5.1.2 The people who exiled Walmu
The people who deposed Walmu were likely the sons and grandsons of those who contested the throne with Laomedon when Ilus died.
That is, Aegestus (or Acestes), the grandson of Phaenodamas, and Antenor, the son of Aesyetes.
But Aegestus lived on Sicily, and Antenor, after the death of his father, on Lesbos. [116]
Therefore, there are a man within Ilium who was involved in Walmu's expulsion, and he is presumed to be the mastermind. It is believed that this was Aeneas' father, Anchises, as he later appears to be associated with Aegestus. [117]
Anchises' father was Capys, son of Assaracus (or Asarakos), son of Tros, and his mother was Themiste, daughter of Ilus.
Anchises teamed up with Aegestus and Antenor to expel Priam and briefly took control of Ilium. However, they were attacked by Priam, backed by Hittite forces, and abandoned Ilium. [118]
3.5.1.3 Emigration of Anchises et al.
After leaving Ilium, Anchises moved to Sicily with Aegestus. [119]
Antenor, son of Aesyetes, migrated to the depths of the Adriatic Sea. [120]
Therefore, all the pre-Sicily legends about Aeneas, son of Anchises, were fictions. Aeneas was born on Sicily. Aeneas was the late-born son of Anchises. [121]
Aegestus and Elymus (or Elyuius) founded Aegesta (or Egesta) (now Segesta) and Elyma (or Eryx) (now Erice) in the northwestern part of Sicily. [122]
Elymus was the son of Anchises. [123]
3.5.2 Priam's wife Hecuba
Priam had many children with several women, but his legal wife was Hecuba (or Hecabe), mother of Hector. [124]
Hecuba was the daughter of Cisseus (or Dymas), son of Eioneus, of Phrygia, where the river Sangarius flows. [125]
Eioneus was the grandson of Thynus, son of Phineus, son of Belus, who founded Salmydessus on the southwest coast of the Black Sea. Thynus migrated east from Salmydessus, crossed the Bosporus, and settled in Phrygia near Lake Ascania. [126]
Thynus' mother was Idaea, the daughter of Dardanus and Bateia, and Dardanus was the common ancestor of Priam and Hecuba. [127]
With this marriage, Troy's rule extended to the Black Sea region.
4 Arrival of Pelops
4.1 Tantalus
A son, Pelops, was born to Tantalus and Eurythemiste, the daughter of Tros. [128]
During the time of Tros, Tantalus and the Troy royal family had a good relationship.
However, after Tros's son Ilus succeeded to the throne of the Hittite vassal Wilusa, Ilus expanded his territory into the surrounding area. [129]
In 1325 BC, Tantalus fled to Pessinus, near the headwaters of the Sangarius River in Phrygia, pursued by Ilus. [130]
Ilus invaded Pessinus, and Tantalus moved to Lydia near Mount Sipylus. [131]
Near Magnesia, on the north side of Mount Sipylus, lies the famous Sipylus, formerly known as Tantalis. [132]
Later, Tantalus made a fortune mining the deposits around the Sipylus and Tmolus mountains. [133]
The Pactolus River, which originates from Mount Tmolus, carried large amounts of gold dust until the time of Croesus in the 6th century BC. [134]
4.2 Niobe, daughter of Tantalus
Tantalus had a daughter, Niobe. [135]
Niobe was the wife of Amphion of Thebes in Boeotia. [136]
There are two traditions about Niobe's marriage, one before and after Pelops came to Greece.
1) Tradition after Pelops came to Greece
After Pelops came to Greece, he married his sister Niobe to Amphion. Afterwards he brought men from Boeotia and founded Thalami in Laconia. [137]
2) Tradition before Pelops came to Greece
Amphion and Niobe died with their children, leaving only one daughter, Chloris, alive. Chloris took part in a foot race at the wedding feast of Pelops and Hippodamia. [138]
In my genealogy, Amphion is one generation older than Pelops. Also, when Pelops came to Greece, he already had his son Chrysippus. Therefore, it is unlikely that Niobe married Amphion after Pelops, but rather before Pelops came to Greece.
However, if Niobe's marriage took place before Pelops came to Greece, doubts would arise about marriages between people living in Asia, far away from Greece.
Niobe's grandfather Tantalus fled to Pessinus, the center of the Cybele cult, pursued by Ilus of Ilium. Pessinus was closely associated with the Cybele cult. [139]
Also, the Phrygians who came to Greece with Pelops were praising the Mountain Mother Cybele. [140]
The sanctuary of the Cabeiri, which has the same origins as the Cybele cult, was located about 5 km west of the Neistan gate in Thebes. [141]
Amphion lived in Eutresis, about 7km southwest of the shrine. [142]
Amphion had a religious atmosphere, so much so that it is said that he moved stones with his spells, and it is presumed that the two were brought together by their belief in Cabeiri. [143]
4.3 Pelops, son of Tantalus
Pelops was attacked by Ilus of Ilium and forced into exile in Greece. [144]
Pelops' first landing place in Greece appears to have been Laconia, based on the following facts.
1) At Acriae, near the mouth of the Eurotas river, was the oldest statue of the Mother of the Gods in the Peloponnesus peninsula. [145]
2) Acrias, the founder of Acriae, is the only one of the 12 killed by Oenomaus of Pisa who is believed to have existed at the time. He is believed to have been killed in Pelops' attack on Oenomaus. [146]
3) Tombs of the Phrygians who came to Greece with Pelops were found all over the Peloponnesus peninsula, but there were especially large ones in Sparta. [147]
It is assumed that Batia, the first wife of Oebalus, son of Cynortas of Sparta, was the daughter of the Phrygians who came with Pelops. With her many Phrygians settled in Sparta. [148]
4) Before the battle with Oenomaus, Pelops sacrificed at Phrixa, more than 5 km inland from Pisa. Pelops is presumed to have traveled up the Eurotas River, down the Alpheius River, and reached Pisa from the mountain side. [149]
Pelops increased his forces in Amyclae, Sparta, and Arcadia in order to retake Olympia, where his grandfather Clymenus had been chased. He fought against Oenomaus of Pisa, who ruled Olympia at that time, and defeated him, and took his daughter Hippodamia prisoner and made her his own wife. [150]
According to legend, Oenomaus raced his daughter Hippodamia's suitor from Pisa to the Isthmus of Corinth, and if her suitor failed to escape, her suitor was killed. It is said that Pelops ran the race and won Hippodamia. [151]
However, the distance of a chariot race is over 240km, which is not a distance that horses lacking the stamina can cover. Also, many of the people killed by Oenomaus in this competition have no known identity. Of those whose identities were known, some were not yet born, such as Alcathus, son of Porthaon, and others were already old, such as Erythras, son of Leucon, son of Athamas.
It is assumed that this anecdote was created much later than Pelops. [152]
In reality, Pelops advanced west from Arcadia, and Oenomaus fled west from Pisa.
A battle ensued near the river Alpheius, across the river Cladeus from the sanctuary of Olympia, and Pelops killed Oenomaus with his spear. In that place was the tomb of Oenomaus. [153]
Pelops came to Greece, where the poor lived, with great wealth from Asia, and expanded through wealth. He married off his daughters to the sons of Perseus, a descendant of Danaus, who was a powerful clan in Peloponnesus at the time, and established his dominion over the region. [154]
Details about Pelops' death are not clear, but his burial place was Pisa. [155]
There was a shrine of Pelops in Pisa, which was different from those of other heroes. [156]
During the Trojan War, a scapula from Pelops' remains was taken to Troy, following an oracle that said that Troy would fall if Pelops' remains were received. While returning from Troy, his ship was wrecked near Euboea, and his remains sank to the ocean floor. Later, the remains were caught in a fisherman's net, and an oracle said they were Pelops's. [157]
In 480 BC, Xerxes, the son of Darius, the Great of Persia, was inspired by the establishment of supremacy over Greece by Pelops, the satrap of one of his great empires, and planned an expedition to Greece. [158]
Xerxes burned down the temple of Greece in retaliation for the destruction of the temple of the goddess Cybele in Sardis during the Ionian revolt. [159]
4.4 Pelops' wife Hippodamia
Hippodamia incurred the wrath of Pelops for her role in the death of Chrysippus, Pelops' eldest son, and she was banished from Pisa and exiled to Midea in Argolis. [160]
Midea was home to her daughter Eurydice (or Lysidice), who married Electryon, son of Perseus. [161]
Hippodamia died in Midea, and later Eleans, following her oracle, carried Hippodamia's remains to Olympia. [162]
4.5 Tantalus and Pelops in Hittite texts
Uhha-Ziti and his two sons, Piyama-Kurunta and Tapalazunauli, who appear in Hittite texts, are presumed to be Tantalus and his two sons, Broteas and Pelops.
From the actions of Uhha-Ziti and his sons recorded in the Hittite texts, the fate of the Tantalus family after fleeing to Lydia is as follows.
4.5.1 Seizing control of Arzawa
The region where Tantalus migrated was an area controlled by Arzawa centered on Lydia.
At that time, the king of Arzawa was Tarhuntaradu’s son Maskhuiluwa who succeeded his father. [163]
Tantalus amassed great wealth by mining gold from deposits around Mount Sipylus. [164]
It is assumed that Idaean Dactyls, who were engaged in mining around Mount Ida, also participated in Tantalus' migration to Lydia.
Tantalus, with his wealth and the support of the Maeonians, whose leaders were descendants of Manes, whose common ancestor was Inachus of Argos, ousted Maskhuiluwa and became king of Arzawa.
4.5.2 Battle against Hittite
Maskhuiluwa, exiled from Arzawa, defected to the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I and married his daughter Muwatti. [165]
Suppiluliuma I and his successor Arnuwanda II died of an epidemic, and the Hittites were unable to immediately take military action against Arzawa.
Mursili II, who succeeded Arnuwanda II, fought against Arzawa in the third year of his reign. [166]
The battle began when the people of Attarimma, Huwarsanassa, and Suruda fled to Arzawa, and Mursili II demanded that Tantalus hand them over. [167]
Tantalus refused to hand them over, so Mursili II marched towards Apasas (Ephesus), where Tantalus was based. Tantalus forces Broteas to intercept the Hittite army, but Broteas is defeated. [168]
Later, before the Hittite army reached Apasas, Tantalus became ill and fled to a nearby island. [169]
In 1318 BC, Tantalus became ill and died. [170]
Pelops, son of Tantalus, crossed from the island to the mainland and fought the forces of Mursili II, but was defeated and besieged. Pelops escaped safely from the siege, but his wife and his sons were taken prisoner. [171]
Broteas crossed from the island to the mainland to negotiate with Mursili II, but was sent to Hattusa. [172]
4.5.3 Emigration of Pelops to Greece
Later, Pelops crossed from Asia Minor to Peloponnesus. At that time, Pelops had his son Chrysippus with him. [173]
After the battle with Mursili II, Pelops was in Asia Minor for about three years, hoping to regain his lost territory, but it is presumed that he gave up on that hope and went to Peloponnesus.
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