1 Introduction
In 1430 BC, Greek immigrants living in Egypt migrated from Egypt to various places.
1.1 Manetho's Description
Josephus, a historian from the 1st century AD, quotes from the work of Manetho, a historian from the 3rd century BC, and reports the following:
"During the reign of King Misphragmuthosis, people expelled from all over Egypt were besieged in a place called Auaris, surrounded by a wall and guarded by 240,000 soldiers. The besieged were released on the condition that they leave Egypt. Those who were released from Auaris left Egypt with their families and fled across the desert to Syria." [1]
Sextus Julius Africanus, a historian from the 3rd century AD, reports the names of the pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt as recorded by Manetho.
According to this, Misphragmuthosis was the sixth pharaoh.
In other words, Misphragmuthosis is presumed to be another name for Thutmose III, the sixth pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt.
Thutmose III was the conqueror of ancient Egypt and died in 1425 BC. [2]
1.2 Estimate
In 1430 BC, people who had migrated from Greece to Egypt lived in the towns of Sais, Thebes, Memphis, and Chemmis.
Danaus, son of Belus, lived in Chemmis. [3]
The Danaya (Tanaju), presumably a tribe of Danaus, paid tribute to Thutmose III. [3-1]
From the above, it can be inferred that:
People who lived in the Nile Delta rebelled against Thutmose III, but were expelled from their homes and took refuge in Auaris (or Avaris, Athyria).
The Auaris included not only people who had migrated from Greece to Egypt, but also Jews.
The Jews migrated overland across the desert to Syria.
People who migrated from Greece to Egypt, led by Danaus and Agenor, migrated by sea to the Peloponnesus Peninsula and Syria.
If Manetho's description is accurate, the number of people who migrated from Egypt to various places at this time would be in the hundreds of thousands.
2 Emigration of Danaus
2.1 Emigration from Egypt to Argos
Danaus, son of Belus, son of Libya, daughter of Epaphus, son of Io, lived in Chemmis in the NileDelta. [4]
In 1430 BC, Danaus left Egypt and landed at Lindus in Rhodes, where he was welcomed by the inhabitants. [5]
The inhabitants of Rhodes were descendants of those who had settled Rhodes 150 years earlier by Triopas, son of Phorbas, ruler of Argos. [6]
Danaus lost three of his daughters at Rhodes and built the temple of Athena. [7]
Approximately 850 years later, Cleobulus of Lindus of Rhodes, one of the seven wise men of Greece, rebuilt the ancient temple of Athena. [8]
Cleobulus is said to be a descendant of Heracles. [9]
They are thought to be descendants of Althaemenes, son of Ceisus, son of Temenos, who migrated from Argos to Rhodes and founded Lindus, Ialysos, and Kameiros. [Ten]
Cleobulus likely knew that Danaus was Heracles' ancestor, and therefore that Danaus was his ancestor. [11]
The Danaus emigrant group left Rhodes and entered the Argolic Gulf on the Peloponnesus Peninsula.
The emigrants landed near Pyramia in Thyrea, on the border of Argolis and Laconia, and Lelex, uncle of Danaus, proceeded inland from there. [12]
Danaus continued his voyage from there and landed at Apobathmi near Lerna and headed for Argos. [13]
At that time, Argos was ruled by Gelanor, son of Sthenelas. [14]
Danaus applied to Gelanor to live with him, but was refused. A civil war broke out in Argos, Gelanor was forced to flee the city, and Danaus was accepted as a co-resident. [15]
Gelanor defected to Sicyon, where they had a common ancestor. [16]
2.2 Emigration of Danaus companions
In addition to Danaus' daughters, Danaus's immigrant party included his uncle Lelex, his likely younger brother Orus, and his twin brother Aegyptus and his sons.
2.2.1 Lelex
After Lelex, son of Libya, settled his son Myles in the middle reaches of the Eurotas River in Laconia, he himself moved to Megara in search of more land. It was the land from Argos that Car, the son of Phoroneus, had migrated to twelve generations before him. [17]
Then Teleboas, son of Therapne, daughter of Lelex, migrated to the Echinades in northwestern Greece. Teleboas's father also came with Danaus and founded Therapne near Lacedaemon. [18]
2.2.2 Orus
Orus, believed to be the younger brother of Danaus, founded Oraea, later known as Troezen, in the Primorsky region of Argolis. [19]
2.2.3 Aegyptus
Danaus' twin brother Aegyptus settled in the northwestern part of the Peloponnesus peninsula. At Aroe (later Patrae) was the tomb of Aegyptus, son of Belus. [20]
2.2.4 Sons of Aegyptus
2.2.4.1 Lynceus
Lynceus, son of Aegyptus, married Hypermnestra, daughter of Danaus, and succeeded him as ruler of Argos. [21]
2.2.4.2 Eumelus
Eumelus, son of Aegyptus, married Phylodameia, daughter of Danaus, and lived in Aroe. [22]
2.2.4.3 Antimachus
Antimachus married Midea, daughter of Danaus, and they had a son, Amphianax. [23]
2.2.5 Battle of Argos and Sicyon
In 1408 BC, Danaus' successor, Lynceus, died and was succeeded by his infant son Abas. Lamedon, son of Gelanor, who had been exiled to Sicyon, attacked Argos and expelled Abas from Argos. [24]
Abas migrated to Phocis and founded Abae. [25]
In 1407 BC, the husbands of the daughters of Danaus, Archander and Architeles, expelled Lamedon from Argos. Lamedon escaped to Sicyon and the battle between Argos and Sicyon was won by Argos. [26]
2.2.6 Emigration from Argos to Egypt
Abas returned from Abae to Argos, and the sons of Achaeus emigrated to Argos and became guardians of Abas. [27]
When Abas came of age, Archander, son of Achaeus, migrated to Egypt and founded Archandropolis in the Nile Delta. [28]
Archandropolis was near Chemmis, where Archander's wife Scaea, daughter of Danaus, spent her childhood. [29]
2.3 Name of Danaus
Pausanias writes in five places in his writings that the father of Messene, who married Polycaon, son of Lelex, was Triopas. [30]
Triopas was the leader of the Greeks at the time in fame and power and lived in Argos. [31]
At the time of Polycaon's marriage to Messene, Danaus ruled Argos, and Triopas may have been an alias of Danaus, or perhaps his real name.
In the Annals of Thutmose III, it is written that he received tribute from the land of Danaya (Tanaju), presumed to be Greeks. [32]
Danaya is the tribal name of Belus, the father of Danaus, and Danaus may have been coined from that tribal name to sound like a human name.
Or maybe Danaus was the father of Belus and the husband of Belus' mother Libya, and his grandson was called by the name of his grandfather.
The name of Danaus's twin brother Aegyptus also appears to be a coined word, made to sound like a human name.
3 Emigration of Phoenix, son of Agenor
Phoenix, the son of Agenor, emigrated from Thebes in Egypt to Tyre in Phoenicia. [33]
It is assumed that Thebes, where Phoenix lived, was in the Nile Delta, not in Upper Egypt. [34]
Phoenix had taken Perimede, daughter of Oeneus, as his wife before his migration. [35]
Oeneus was the great-grandson of Herse, the daughter of Cecrops, the first king of Athens, and is presumed to have lived in Tire. [36]
4 Emigration of Agenor
Agenor, the son of Libya, the daughter of Epaphus the son of Io, set sail from Egypt, and sailing with land on his right hand, migrated to Sidon in Phoenicia. [37]
Agenor is believed to have died in Sidon, as Telephassa, mother of Cadmus, was among the emigrants led by Cadmus. [38]
5 Emigration of Maceris
5.1 Maceris, believed to be the son of Agenor
Maceris emigrated from Egypt to Phoenicia with Agenor. [39]
At that time there lived in Tire Astynous, son of Phaethon, son of Tithonus, son of Cephalus, son of Herse, daughter of Cecrops, first king of Athens. [40]
Later, Sandocus, son of Astynous, founded Celenderis in Cilicia Tracheia. [41]
Maceris is presumed to have learned navigation from the clan of Astynous in Tyre. [42]
Maceris then learned celestial knowledge from Actis (or Auges, Atlas) at Heliopolis in Egypt. [43]
Actis, son of Rhodos, was one of the Heliadae of Rhodes and the founder of Heliopolis in Egypt. [44]
Maceris, who incorporated knowledge of the celestial bodies into navigation, was a god-like being to the Phoenicians, a sea people. Maceris was called Egyptian Heracles or Phoenician Heracles. [45]
In addition to Tyre, Heracles' sanctuaries and temples were located in Tartessus on the Iberian Peninsula, Canopus in Egypt, and on Thasos. [46]
The 2nd century historian Arrian considered the Heracles worshiped at Tartessus to be the same as the Heracles of Tyre. [47]
Phoenix, the son of Agenor, lived in Tire, and Thasus, the son of Cillix, the son of Agenor, lived on Thasos. [48]
Maceris founded Heracleia (later Calpe, modern near Algeciras) in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula, where he died. [49]
Near Heracleia was the northern pillar (Mount Calpe) of the Pillars of Hercules. [50]
5.2 Sardus, son of Maceris
Sardus, son of Maceris, migrated from Canopus in Egypt to Ichnussa (later Sardinia) on the western side of the Italian peninsula. [51]
There is the “Temple of Father Sardus” in the southwestern part of Sardinia, and it is presumed that Sardus migrated to the vicinity. [52]
5.3 Geryones, descendant of Maceris
Geryones (or Geryon), the cowherd of Erytheia, who appears in the Tenth Labor of Heracles, son of Amphitryon, is presumed to have been a descendant of Maceris.
Geryones lived in Tartessus, centered on the Baetis (older Tartessus, modern Guadalquivir) river northwest of Heracleia on the Iberian Peninsula. [53]
Gadeira (modern Cadiz) near the mouth of the Baetis River and the opposite islands were collectively known as Erytheia, where the Geryones kept cattle. [54]
5.4 Norax, grandson of Geryones
Norax, son of Erytheia, daughter of Geryones, migrated to Sardinia and founded Nora (modern near Cape Pula), the oldest town on the southern tip of the island. [55]
Norax settled Sardinia before that of Iolaus, son of Iphicles, son of Amphitryon. [56]
The settlement of Norax was in close proximity to the settlement of Sardus, son of Maceris. [57]
6 Emigration of Cilix, son of Agenor
In 1425 BC, Agenor's son Cilix migrated from Sidon to the south side of Mount Ida in Troas and founded Thebe. [58]
The people who migrated with Cilix were called Cilicians, and their region was called Cilicia. [59]
Thebe, daughter of Cilix, married Corybas who lived near Mount Ida. [60]
Thasus, son of Cilix, migrated from Thebe to the island of Thasos. [61]
7 Emigration of Cadmus, son of Agenor
7.1 From Sidon to Rhodes
In 1425 BC, Cadmus, son of Agenor, set out from Sidon in search of a new land, recruiting immigrants from Phoenicia. Cadmus' party also included Phoenicians and Arabians. [62]
Cadmus sailed counterclockwise in the Aegean Sea, landing at Ialysus, northeast of Rhodes, and then relanding at Lindus, southeast of the island. In that town was the temple of Athena, founded by Danaus, to which Cadmus dedicated a bronze cauldron inscribed with the Phoenician script. [63]
7.2 Cadmus collaborators
Astynous, son of Phaethon of Tire, provided the ships to the Cadmus emigrants, delivered them to Thracia, and then returned to Tyre. [64]
This is an inference from the marriage of Pharnace, daughter of Megassares, with Sandocus, son of Astynous. [65]
Megassares' wife was Alcyone, daughter of Orchomenus, founder of Orchomenus in Arcadia. [66]
Megassares migrated from Arcadia to live in Samothrace with Dardanus, the progenitor of the royal family of Troy. [67]
Sandocus, son of Astynous, who was accompanying Astynous, met Pharnace, the daughter of Megassares, in Samothrace. After Astynous and Sandocus landed the Cadmus emigrants on Thracia, they returned to Tire with Pharnace. [68]
Sandocus then migrated to Cilicia Tracheia and founded Celenderis. [69]
7.3 Marriage of Europa, daughter of Phoenix
In 1425 BC, Europa, daughter of Phoenix, who was among the settlers of Cadmus, married Cydon, son of Tegeates.
In 1430 BC, Cydon migrated from Tegea in Arcadia to northwestern Crete and founded Cydonia. [70]
7.4 Marriage of Astypalaea, daughter of Phoenix
In 1425 BC, Phoenix's daughter Astypalaea, who was among the Cadmus emigrants, married Acmon (or Celmis, Damnameneus, Ideaan Heracles) from Aptera in northwest Crete. [71]
Astypalaea went with Acmon to Olympia, and then moved to Caria, opposite Rhodes. [72]
Ancaeus, son of Astypalaea, became king of the Leleges. [73]
The Leleges were Greeks who were interbreeded with Carians. [74]
The descendants of Astypalaea held Samos and Cos, a little north of Rhodes. [75]
7.5 Cadmus's Thera port call
Afterwards, Cadmus stopped at Calliste (later Thera) and left a group of potential settlers on the island, with Poeciles' son Membliarus as their leader. The descendants of these settlers lived on the island for eight generations, until Theras, son of Autesion, settled the island from Sparta. [76]
Theras was a 10th generation direct descendant of Cadmus. Theras gained control of Membliarus, claiming that it had been given to him by his ancestor Cadmus. [77]
7.6 Cadmus's Samothrace port call
Cadmus traveled north through the islands and landed at Samothrace, the highest mountain in the Aegean Sea islands. The island was inhabited by Dardanus and Megassares, who immigrated from Metahydrium of Arcadia in 1430 BC.
In Samothrace, Cadmus married Dardanus' sister Harmonia. [78]
7.7 Cadmus's landing in Thracia
Leaving Samothrace, Cadmus landed in Thracia and settled near Mount Pangaeus, north of the Chalcidice peninsula. Cadmus was accompanied by the Telchines, and it is believed that they carried out prospecting activities wherever they went, and Cadmus became wealthy from the gold deposits he discovered in Mount Pangaeus. [79]
Cadmus' mother Telephassa died in Thracia. [80]
7.8 Founding of Cadmeia
In 1420 BC, a tsunami struck the coast of Thracia, where a group of Cadmus immigrants had settled, and Cadmus once again led a group of immigrants south to Thessaly and invaded Boeotia. [81]
At that time, Boeotia had Temmix (Temmikes), Hyantes, Ectenes, and Aonians, and a fierce battle ensued. At first, the invading Cadmus bands continued to lose to the natives, but by changing tactics they won. [82]
The Hyantes, who lived around Thebes, were driven west. [83]
The Ectenes, who had previously lived around Thebes, had been driven out of the Hyantes some 160 years ago and had largely migrated to Attica. The remaining Ectenes were chased by Cadmus and migrated to Attica. [84]
The Aonians who lived around Glissas, about 11 km northeast of Thebes, were allowed to continue living there. [85]
Cadmus set up a palace on a high place, which later became the Acropolis of Thebes, on the land from which the Hyantes had vacated, and settled around him and founded a city, which he called Cadmeia. [86]
Gephyraeans from Phoenicia settled around Tanagra. [87]
Also, the Arabians, who were part of the Cadmus group, migrated to Euboea and settled there. [88]
7.9 Emigration of Cadmus to Illyria
In 1390 BC, Athamas, son of Aeolus, migrated from Thessaly to the eastern side of Lake Copais in Boeotia. [89]
The Encheleans, who had migrated to Boeotia with Cadmus and settled around Lake Copais, resettled in Illyria. The Encheleans, oppressed by the native tribes of Illyria, requested aid from Cadmus. [90]
At the request of the Encheleans, Cadmus relocated to Illyria, where he died. [91]
Cadmus' final resting place was Buthoe (present-day Budua) in Illyria. Cadmus was buried near the River Rizous with his wife Harmonia. [92]
Lycotherses, the husband of Cadmus's daughter Agave, was also an Enchelean. [93]
Seven generations after Cadmus, the Encheleans adopted Laodamas, son of Eteocles, who had been driven from Thebes by the Argives. [94]
7.10 Sparti
Among Cadmus's immigrant group, there were people called Sparti (or Spartos) who were second in power to Cadmus. [95]
A Sparti was a leader who devised a tactic of forcing his troops to kneel before a battle, and when they were close enough to the enemy, to stand up with a roar, surprising and cowering the enemy. [96]
When Cadmus first invaded Boeotia, they were constantly defeated by the natives, but under the command of Sparti, they used this tactic to drive out the natives. There is an anecdote that the Sparti are those who crawled out of the earth after sowing the dragon's teeth. This anecdote is thought to have originated from the fact that when viewed from the enemy's side, Cadmus soldiers appear to have sprung from the earth. [97]
Five Sparti names are reported: Echion, Udaeus (or Ladon), Pelorus, Hyrieus (or Chthonius), and Hyperenor (or Anthas), but Echion and Udaeus are presumed to be the sons of Pelorus. . [98]
7.10.1 Echion
Echion was recognized by Cadmus for his bravery and married Cadmus' daughter Agave. [99]
Agave was born around the time of Cadmus's invasion of Boeotia, and Echion was not yet an adult at the time of the invasion, and is thought to have been the son of another Sparti, perhaps Pelorus.
7.10.2 Udaeus (or Ladon)
Udaeus also did not reach adulthood at the time of Cadmus's invasion of Boeotia, and may have been the son of another Sparti, perhaps Pelorus.
Tiresias, son of Everes, a descendant of Udaeus, lived during the Epigoni attack on Thebes. [100]
This Tiresias is thought to be contemporary with Heracles, but also appears one generation before Heracles' mother as the father of Historis, a woman with mysterious powers. [101]
This latter Tiresias was the father of Everes and Historis, and the son of Tenerus. [102]
Tenerus was the seer of an oracle near Mount Ptous, west of Thebes and north of the sanctuary of the Cabeiri, where there is a plain named after Tenerus. [103]
Tenerus had a brother, Ismenus, whose father was presumed to be Epopeus of Sicyon, the Asopus river god, and whose mother was Metope, daughter of Ladon. [104]
Tenerus learned the art of divination from Ladon, the father of his mother Metope. Another name for Ladon was Udaeus. [105]
The river that flows east of Thebes was called the Ladon River, but after the time of Ismenus it was called the Ismenus River. [106]
7.10.3 Pelorus
Pelorus was a Sparti who invaded Boeotia with Cadmus, and is thought to be the father of Echion and Udaeus.
7.10.4 Hyrieus (or Chthonius) and Hyperenor (or Anthas)
Hyrieus and Hyperenor were the sons of Megassares and Alcyone, who had migrated with Cadmus. [107]
Alcyone's father, Orchomenus, was the son of Lycaon, son of Pelasgus, and founded Orchomenus and Methydrium in the center of Arcadia. [108]
In 1430 BC, Megassares, who lost his home due to the flooding of a river in central Arcadia, moved with his wife and children to Samothrace with Dardanus, son of Coritus. [109]
In 1425 BC, a group of Cadmus immigrants stopped at Samothrace, and Megassares joined them with his family. [110]
Pharnace, daughter of Megassares, migrated to Tire with Sandocus, son of Astynous. [111]
7.11 Emigration caused by the emigration of Cadmus.
7.11.1 Emigration from Thracia
The Edoni of the Strymon River, led by Tereus, son of Lycurgus, son of Dryas, migrated near Daulis of Phocis. [112]
Tereus married Procne (or Progne), the daughter of Pandion, the fifth king of Athens. [113]
7.11.2 Emigration from Thessaly
Dorus, son of Hellen, son of Deucalion, migrated from northern Thessaly to Dryopis, between Mount Oeta and Mount Parnassus. [114]
And Achaeus, the son of Xuthus, the son of Hellen, migrated from Melitaea of Phthiotis to Aegialus. [115]
Achaeus returned to live in Melitaea, where his father Xuthus had been exiled. [116]
7.11.3 Emigration from Peloponnesus to Crete
Tectamus, son of Dorus, led the Dorians, Pelasgians, and Aeolians to migrate to Crete. [117]
A large number of people, forced from their homes by the passage of large groups led by Cadmus, wished to migrate to Crete. [118]
The settlers led by Tectamus settled in the eastern part of the island. [119]
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