1 Introduction
This chapter describes Egypt (Lybia), Phoenicia, the Black Sea region, Illyria, Thesprotia, Molossia, and Iberia.
Anatolian peninsula is described in "The Bronze Age History of Anatolia".
Thracia, Macedonia, and Paeonia are described in "The Bronze Age History of Thracia".
Italy is described in "Migration to Italy".
2 Egypt (Lybia)
2.1 Migration from Boeotia
In 1750 BC, a great flood occurred in the upper reaches of the Cephisus River, which flows north of Mount Parnassus. The Ectenes, led by Ogygus, migrated to Boeotia. After that, the Ectenes migrated from Boeotia to various places due to pressure from other tribes such as the Hyantes. [1]
2.1.1 Founding of Thebes
In 1580 BC, a group of Ectenes, led by Ogygus, migrated from Boeotia to Egypt and founded Thebes. [2]
The city was named after Ogygus' daughter Thebe. [3]
This Thebes was not Thebes in Upper Egypt (present-day Luxor), but in the Nile Delta, where Cadmus, son of Agenor, lived. [4]
Thebe's father Ogygus was a descendant of Ogygus from the time of the Flood. [5]
2.1.2 Founding of Sais
Telegonus' father, who migrated to Egypt with Ogygus in 1580 BC, founded Sais. [6]
Cecrops, the first king of Athens, was Telegonus' brother. [7]
2.2 Migration to Athens
In 1562 BC, Cecrops migrated from Sais to Attica and became the first king of Athens. [8]
Cecrops spoke Greek as well as the language he learned in his new home.
The name Diphyes (two-formed) given to Cecrops meant "speaking two languages." [9]
2.3 Migration from Argos
In 1560 BC, Iasus, the son of Triopas, led a group of immigrants from Argos to Egypt. [10]
Iasus' daughter Io married Telegonus of Sais and had Epaphus. [11]
2.4 Migration to Athens
In 1535 BC, Cranaus migrated from Sais to Attica and became the second king of Athens. [12]
Cranaus is presumed to be Io's son. [13]
The Athenians in ancient times were Pelasgians, and in Cranaus' time, the Athenians were called Cranaans. [14]
The Pelasgians who migrated from Argos to Egypt with Iasus' daughter Io migrated to Athens with Io's son Cranaus. [15]
2.5 Founding of Memphis
In 1535 BC, Epaphus, son of Telegonus, emigrated from Sais and founded Memphis. [16]
2.6 Migration to Athens
In 1492 BC, Erichthonius, son of Atthis, daughter of Cranaus, emigrated from Sais to Athens, expelled Amphictyon, and became the fourth king of Athens. [17]
Erichthonius was accompanied by Rharus, son of Cranaus, and emigrated to Athens. [18]
It is presumed that Erichthonius became king of Athens instead of Rharus because Erichthonius' father was the son of Erysichthon, son of Cecrops. [19]
2.7 Migration to various places
In 1430 BC, the people of the Nile Delta rebelled against the 18th Dynasty pharaoh Thutmose III and were expelled from Egypt.
Hundreds of thousands of people from the Nile Delta migrated from Egypt by land or sea.
2.7.1 Migration to Greece
Danaus, son of Belus, migrated to Argos. [20]
Danaus' brother Aegyptus migrated to Aroe (later Patrae) in the northwest of the Peloponnesus peninsula. [21]
Danaus' brother Orus migrated to Argolis and founded Oraea (later Troezen). [22]
Danaus' uncle Lelex migrated to Laconia. [23]
Lelex then migrated to Megara. [24]
2.7.2 Migration to Phoenicia
Agenor, son of Libya, emigrated to Sidon in Phoenicia. [25]
Afterwards, Cadmus, son of Agenor, emigrated to Boeotia and founded Cadmeia (later Thebes). [26]
Phoenix, son of Agenor, emigrated to Tyre in Phoenicia. [27]
2.7.3 Migration to Colchis
Some people emigrated to Colchis on the eastern shore of the Black Sea. [28]
40 years later, Aeetes, son of Sisyphus, emigrated to Colchis, presumably because of his connections with them.
2.8 Migration from Rhodes
In 1415 BC, Actis (or Auges, Atlas), son of Rhodos, emigrated from Rhodes to Egypt and founded Heliopolis. [29]
Actis imparted knowledge of the stars to Maceris (Egyptian Heracles or Phoenician Heracles) of Canopus. [30]
2.8.1 Migration to Libya and Iberia
Maceris, who excelled in navigation and knew the farthest reaches of the world, was a god-like figure to the maritime people, the Phoenicians. There were shrines of Heracles in Tartessus of Iberia, in Tyre of Phoenicia, in Canopus of Egypt, and as well as in Thasos. [31]
Maceris is presumed to have been the son of Agenor and the brother of Cadmus.
In 1410 BC, Maceris founded Capsa, near later Carthage. [31-1]
In 1400 BC, Maceris moved to the southernmost tip of the Iberian peninsula and founded Heracleia (later Calpe). [31-2]
2.9 Migration from Argos
In 1402 BC, Archander, son of Achaeus, migrated from Argos to the Nile Delta in Egypt and founded Archandropolis. [32]
Near Archandropolis was Chemmis, where Archander's wife, Scaea, daughter of Danaus, spent her childhood. [33]
Archander was accompanied by Cyrene, whom he married in Thessaly, and their son Aristaeus. [34]
2.10 Aegean Sea's Tsunami
In 1390 BC, a large eruption occurred in Thera (now Santorini), north of Crete, causing a large tsunami in the Aegean Sea. [35]
The tsunami hit the Nile Delta in Egypt, and the affected people migrated to various places.
2.10.1 Migration to Anatolia
In 1390 BC, Belus, son of Archander, led the inhabitants of Archandropolis in the Nile Delta, which had been devastated by a tsunami, to the mouth of the Aesepus River in the northwest of the Anatolia Peninsula. [36]
Belus's settlement was called Ethiopia, and the people there were called Ethiopians. [37]
Belus migration was accompanied by Aeetes, who migrated from Corinth to Colchis, Boreas, who migrated from Athens to Thracia, and Ceryx, who migrated from Eleusis to Thracia.
Some of the people who left Egypt with Belus also settled in Colchis, proving that Belus and Aeetes were in the same place. [38]
2.10.2 Migration to Sardinia
In 1390 BC, Sardus, son of Maceris, led the inhabitants of Canopus in the Nile Delta, which had been devastated by a tsunami, to Sardinia. [39]
The Temple of Father Sardus is located in the southwest of Sardinia, and it is believed that Sardus migrated to the area around there. [40]
2.11 Migration from Argos
After the death of Abas, son of Lynceus, in 1387 BC, Abas' son Proetus banished his twin brother Acrisius from Argos. [41]
Acrisius and Proetus were estimated to have been 13 years old at the time, and the act was not of their own volition, but of a dispute between their supporters.
Acrisius emigrated from Argos to Egypt.
Archander, son of Achaeus, guardian of Acrisius' father Abas, had emigrated to Egypt 15 years earlier.
Archander founded Archandropolis, which was destroyed by a tsunami. Acrisius lived in Chemmis. [42]
Acrisius married Aganippe, presumably the daughter of Archander and Scaea, daughter of Danaus, and had a daughter, Danae. [43]
2.12 Migration to Sardinia
In 1372 BC, Aristaeus, son of Cyrene, led a colony from Egypt to Sardinia. [44]
Aristaeus founded Caralis in the southern part of Sardinia. [45]
Caralis was near the earlier settlement of Sardus, which had been settled from Egypt.
2.13 Migration to Argos
In 1370 BC, Acrisius, son of Abas, returned from Egypt to Argos and expelled his brother Proetus. [46]
Acrisius' wife Aganippe and their daughter Danae were left behind in Chemmis, Egypt. Danae had a son named Perseus. [47]
2.14 Migration to Argos
In 1349 BC, Acrisius, who had no heir, summoned his daughter Danae, who he had left behind in Egypt, to Argos to make her son Perseus his successor. Some traditions say that Perseus was forcibly taken from his mother Danae. However, Danae also had a son named Daunus in addition to Perseus. [48]
2.15 Migration to Italy
In 1341 BC, Danae, daughter of Acrisius, led a colony from Egypt to Sardinia. Danae encountered a storm during the voyage and was washed ashore on the west coast of the Italian peninsula, where she founded Ardea. [49]
Danae's son Daunus succeeded her in Ardea. [50]
Turnus, a leader of the Rutuli who died in battle with Aeneas in 1182 BC, was a descendant of Daunus. [51]
2.16 Migration from Crete
In 1230 BC, Amphithemis, son of Acacallis, daughter of Minos, emigrated from Crete to Libya. [52]
2.17 Migration from Thera
In 630 BC, Battus, son of Polymnestus, led a colony from Thera to Libya and founded Cyrene. [53]
2.17.1 Deciding on a place to migrate
It is said that Battus founded Cyrene in Libya through an oracle. [54]
However, it is assumed that there was a relationship between Oaxos in Crete and Libya after Amphithemis, the son of Acacallis, migrated to Libya.
Oaxos was founded by Amphithemis' brother Oaxos. [55]
Battus' mother Phronime's father Etearchus was the ruler of Oaxos. [56]
It is believed that some of the people who migrated from Oaxos to Thera at the time of Phronime's marriage knew the good things about Liya and recommended it to Battus as a place to migrate to.
2.17.2 Participants in the construction of Cyrene
The construction of Cyrene also included participants from Sparta, including Chionis, the winner of the Olympiad. [57]
The sons of Pancis from Lindus in Rhodes also participated in the construction of Cyrene. [58]
3 Phoenicia
3.1 Bride from Egypt
In 1562 BC, Cecrops' daughter Herse was married off to Tyre in Phoenicia on her way from Egypt to Athens, or before that. [59]
3.2 Migration from Egypt
In 1430 BC, the people who lived in the Nile Delta revolted against the 18th Dynasty pharaoh Thutmose III and were expelled from Egypt.
Hundreds of thousands of people who lived in the Nile Delta migrated from Egypt to other parts of the country by land or sea.
3.2.1 Migration to Tyre
In 1430 BC, Phoenix, son of Agenor, emigrated to Tyre in Phoenixia. [60]
Phoenix had married Perimede, daughter of Oeneus, before the migration. [61]
Oeneus was probably the great-grandson of Herse, daughter of Cecrops, who had married into Tyre. [62]
3.2.2 Migration to Sidon
In 1430 BC, Agenor, son of Libya, emigrated to Sidon in Phoenixia. [63]
Agenor chose Sidon as his place of residence because his son Phoenix had married Perimede from that area. [64]
3.3 Migration to Thracia
In 1426 BC, Cadmus, son of Agenor, set sail from Sidon with a colony. [65]
The ship for Cadmus's colony was provided by Astynous, son of Phaethon, son of Tithonus, son of Cephalus, son of Herse, who lived in Tyre. Astynous, along with his son Sandocus, escorted Cadmus's colony to Thracia via Samothrace, and then returned to Tyre. [66]
In 1425 BC, Cadmus emigrated to the northern Chalcidice peninsula in Thracia. [67]
3.4 Migration to Calliste
In 1425 BC, Membliarus, son of Poeciles, who was part of Cadmus' colony, landed with some of his people at Calliste (later known as Thera) and settled there. [68]
In 1099 BC, Theras, son of Autesion, led a colony from Lacedaemon to Calliste. [69]
The island's volcano erupted at least twice between the time of Cadmus and that of Theras. However, the descendants of those who had settled there with Membliarus survived. [70]
3.5 Marriage to Crete
3.5.1 Europa, daughter of Phoenix
In 1425 BC, Europa, daughter of Phoenix, who was part of Cadmus' colony, married Cydon, son of Tegeates, who lived in Cydonia. Cydon had emigrated from Tegea in Arcadia to northwestern Crete in 1450 BC and founded Cydonia. [71]
3.5.2 Astypalaea, daughter of Phoenix
In 1425 BC, Astypalaea, daughter of Phoenix, who was part of the Cadmus migration, married Acmon (or Celmis, Damnameneus, Idaean Heracles) who lived in Aptera. [72]
Astypalaea migrated with Acmon to Olympia, and then to Caria near Rhodes. [73]
Astypalaea's son Ancaeus became king of Leleges. [74]
4 History of the Black Sea Region
4.1 Migration from Peloponnesus
In 1390 BC, Aeetes, son of Sisyphus, led the inhabitants of Ephyraea (later Corinth), which had been devastated by a tsunami, to Colchis on the eastern shore of the Black Sea. [75]
Aeetes was with Belus, who led a migration from Egypt.
It is believed that among the Belus immigrants were people who migrated from Egypt to Colchis in 1420 BC, and they knew the route to Colchis. [76]
4.2 Marriage to Troad
In 1375 BC, the daughter of Aeetes' daughter Chalciope (or Iophossa, Euenia) was married off from Colchis to Asterios, son of Minos, who lived in Troad. [77]
In 1390 BC, Asterios, who was affected by a tsunami, migrated from Crete to Troad with his father Minos. [78]
Asterios and Aeetes searched for a place to migrate to, and Asterios settled in Troad, while Aeetes settled in Colchis.
4.3 Migration from Troad
In 1370 BC, Asterios, son of Minos, son of Europa, migrated from Troad to Colchis. [79]
Asterios was accompanied by the Idaean Dactyli, who lived near Mount Ida. They mined gold at Astyra, near Abydus in Troad. [80]
Colchis was rich in gold and silver. [81]
Because of Asterios' migration, the three sons of Phrixus, Presbon, Melas, and Cytissorus, left Colchis and migrated to various places.
Later, Medea, a descendant of Aeetes, the son of Sisyphus, was welcomed to Corinth, so it seems that there was no fighting between Asterios and the grandsons of Aeetes. [82]
Probably, their brothers-in-law Asterios came from Troad to support Phrixus' sons in their battles with the surrounding tribes.
4.3.1 Migration to Boeotia
In 1370 BC, Phrixus' son Presbon and his brother Melas migrated from Colchis to Boeotia to be with their grandfather Athamas. [83]
Presbon's son Clymenus succeeded Minyas' son Orchomenus as king of Minyans. [84]
4.3.2 Migration to the southern Black Sea coast
In 1370 BC, Phrixus' son Cytissorus (or Cylindrus, Cytisorus, Cytorus) migrated from Colchis to the southern Black Sea coast and founded Cytorus. [85]
Phrixus, son of Athamas of Boeotia, emigrated with his wife Chalciope to Colchis, joining the colony of her father Aeetes.
4.4 Migration from Thracia
In 1365 BC, the sons of Boreas, Zetes and Calais, migrated from Thracia to the land of the Hyperboreans. [86]
The land of the Hyperboreans was an island in the river where the Triballians later took refuge during Alexander the Great's campaign in Thracia. The island was located 22 km upstream from the mouth of Sacred Mouth, the largest of the seven estuaries of the Ister (now Danube) River, which empties into the western Black Sea. The island was surrounded by cliffs and was called Peuce. [87]
The Triballians did not allow Alexander the Great to land on the island, even after they had established friendly relations with him. [88]
4.5 Migration to Tauric Chersonese (present-day Crimea Peninsula)
In 1345 BC, the two sons of Phineus, Polymedes and Clytius (or Plexippus and Pandion), migrated from Salmydessus to Tauric Chersonese on the northern shore of the Black Sea. [89]
4.6 Marriage to Tauric Chersonese
In 1336 BC, Perseis, granddaughter of Asterios, was married off from Colchis to the son of Phineus who lived in Tauric Chersonese. [90]
Perseis' husband may have been either Polymedes or Clytius.
4.7 Migration to Colchis
In 1300 BC, Perseis' son Aeetes migrated from Tauric Chersonese to Colchis and inherited Colchis. [91]
4.8 Marriage to Troad
In 1297 BC, Pasiphae, daughter of Perseis, was married to Minos, son of Lycastus, who lived in Troad from Tauric Chersonese. [92]
The father of Perseis' grandfather Asterios was Minos, son of Europa.
Pasiphae and Minos therefore shared a common ancestor, Minos, son of Europa.
4.9 Marriage to Colchis
In 1296 BC, Hecate (or Idyia), daughter of Perses, was married to Aeetes, son of Perseis, who lived in Colchis from Tauric Chersonese. [93]
Aeetes was the brother of Hecate's father.
4.10 Marriage to Sauromatae
In 1276 BC, Circe, daughter of Aeetes, son of Perseis, was married to the king of the Sauromatians, who lived in Sauromatae from Colchis. [94]
4.11 Expedition from Thessaly
In 1268 BC, Jason, son of Aeson, led an expedition to Colchis with the Minyans, who lived in Iolcus in Thessaly. [95]
When Jason's uncle Pelias married Phylomache, daughter of Amphion from Orchomenus, many Minyans had moved to Iolcus. [96]
After Presbon, son of Phrixus, returned from Colchis to Boeotia, he probably had contact with Colchis. Jason's expedition was made possible by the Minyans, who knew the sea route to Colchis.
4.12 Marriage to Thessaly
In this campaign, Jason married Medea, daughter of Aeetes. [97]
This occurred 20 years before the Argonauts' campaign.
In the 2nd century AD, Arrian, governor of Cappadocia, reported that he had been shown the anchor of the Argo at Colchis, but no other traces of Jason's voyage were found. [98]
4.13 Migration to Sinope
In 1260 BC, Autolycus, son of Deimachus of Tricca in Thessaly, emigrated to Sinope on the southern coast of the Black Sea. [99]
Autolycus participated in Jason's campaign in 1268 BC and likely knew the area. [100]
Autolycus was a descendant of Tricca, daughter of Peneius, whose original inhabitants were Dorians. [101]
Autolycus was presumably driven out by Ischys, son of Elatus (or Eilatus) of Lapiths, who had risen from Oechalia near Tricca. [102]
4.14 Migration to Sauromatae
In 1186 BC, the Achaeans, who had campaigned against Troy, were defeated by the sons of Antenor and fled to various places.
Ialmenus, son of Astyoche (or Pernis) of Orchomenus, did not return to his homeland, but emigrated to Sauromatae. [103]
The Sauromatians lived around Lake Maeotis. [104]
Ialmenus led the Orchomenians and Aspledonians. [105]
Astyoche was the daughter of Actor, the son of Azeus, the son of Clymenus, the son of Presbon, the son of Phrixus, the son of Athamas.
Presbon was born in Colchis and emigrated to Boeotia to succeed his grandfather, and it seems likely that there was contact between the two regions after that. [106]
The husband of Circe, the daughter of Aeetes, the son of Perseis (or Perse), a descendant of Phrixus, was the king of the Sauromatians. [107]
It was no coincidence that Ialmenus, a descendant of Phrixus, emigrated to Sauromatae.
5 Illyria
5.1 Migration from Boeotia
In 1390 BC, the Encheleans emigrated from Lake Copais in Boeotia to Illyria. [108]
It is said that Cadmus, son of Agenor, settled in Illyria after founding Cadmeia, at the request of the Encheleans. [109]
It is also said that Cadmus was expelled from Cadmeia and settled in Illyria. [110]
Considering the internal conflicts in Cadmeia during the time of Cadmus' son Polydorus and Polydorus' son Labdacus, it seems likely that Cadmus was expelled from Cadmeia due to internal conflicts.
The settlement of Cadmus and the Encheleans was near the Rizous River, three days' journey north-northwest overland from Epidamnos. [111]
Cadmus died in Butoe (or Buthoe, now Budva) in Illyria, and was buried near the Rizous River with his wife Harmonia. [112]
5.2 Migration to Boeotia
In 1380 BC, Polydorus returned from Illyria to Cadmeia with his grown sons. [113]
With Polydorus, some of the Encheleans migrated from Illyria and settled near Cadmeia. Their town was called Enchelia, which later became Thebes together with Cadmeia. [114]
5.3 Migration from Thebes
In 1205 BC, Laodamas, son of Eteocles, migrated from Thebes to the Encheleans in Illyria. [115]
Laodamas, defeated in battle by the Argives led by Epigoni, surrendered Thebes to Thersander, son of Polyneices. [116]
Eteocles was the son of Oedippus, son of Laius, son of Labdacus, son of Polydorus, son of Cadmus.
6 Thesprotia
6.1 Migration from Thessaly
In 1480 BC, the Pelasgians moved the oracle of Zeus, which was located near Scotussa in Thessaly, to Thesprotia. [117]
Thessalus, son of Haemon, built an oracle and temple of Zeus at Dodona. [118]
The women of Scotussa accompanied the move of the oracle. The priestess of the oracle at Dodona was their descendant. [119]
The mother of Pelasgus, father of Haemon, father of Thessalus, was Larisa, daughter of Pelasgus, son of Triopas, who had emigrated from Argos to Thessaly. [120]
6.2 Migration from Thessaly
In 1390 BC, the Pelasgians who lived in Thessaly were driven out by the sons of Deucalion and migrated to various places. Most of the Pelasgians settled around Dodona. [121]
The people living around Dodona accepted the Pelasgians who fled from Thessaly as their kindred. [122]
6.3 Founding of Ephyra
Among the people who migrated from Thessaly to the area around Dodona was Thesprotus, a descendant of Crannon, the founder of Ephyra (later Crannon) in Thessaly.
In 1390 BC, Thesprotus, son of Lycaon, founded Ephyra southwest of Dodona. The Thesprotus clan was called Thesprotians. [123]
6.4 Founding of Ambracia
In 1385 BC, Ambrax, son of Thesprotus, migrated from Ephyra to the north side of the Ambracia Bay and founded Ambracia. [124]
6.5 Reinforcements for Eleusis
In 1352 BC, a battle broke out between Immaradus, son of Eumolpus of Eleusis, and Erechtheus, king of Athens. [125]
In the battle, Scirus came from Dodona to support Eleusis and was killed in battle. [126]
It is believed that Scirus was a Pelasgian who migrated from Thessaly to the area around Dodona. [127]
6.6 Migration from Thessaly
In 1246 BC, the Aeanianians migrated from Dotium to various places, driven by the Lapiths led by Peirithous, son of Ixion. [128]
Part of the Aeanianians settled in Aethicia, in the Pindus mountains near the source of the Peneius River.
Then they migrated to the area of the Auas River in Molossia, where they became known as the Parauaei. [129]
It is said that some of the Centaurs, driven by the Lapiths, migrated to the region of Aethices, the source of the Peneius River, so it is assumed that the Centaurs were a branch of the Aeanianians. [130]
6.7 Heracles' Campaign to Ephyra
In 1237 BC, Heracles campaigned against Thesprotia and occupied Ephyra. [131]
Pheres, son of Jason, who participated in Heracles' campaign, lived in Ephyra. [132]
When Odysseus, son of Laertes, visited Ephyra, Ilus, son of Mermerus, son of Pheres, ruled the town. [133]
6.8 Migration from Italy
In 1200 BC, the Pelasgians, who lived in Ravenna in the northeast of the Italian peninsula, were driven out by the Tyrrhenians and migrated to Thesprotia. [134]
They were the descendants of those who migrated from Thessaly to Ravenna in 1390 BC. [135]
6.9 Migration to Thessaly
In 1186 BC, the Thesprotians, led by a descendant of Heracles, invaded Thessaly. [136]
The Achaeans, Perrhaebians and Magnesians fought against the Thesprotians but were defeated. [137]
The Perrhaebians and Magnesians continued to live as penestae (serfs) under the control of the Thesprotians. [138]
The Phocians built a wall to prevent the Thesprotians from invading from Thessaly. [139]
7 Molossia (Epirus)
7.1 Migration from Thessaly and Troad
In 1186 BC, Neoptolemus did not return from Troy to Thessaly, but migrated to the land of the Molossians. [140]
Neoptolemus was accompanied by Priam's son Helenus, Hector's wife Andromache, and Hector's sons from Troad. [141]
Neoptolemus's home was the plain of Ioannina, near the lake northeast of Dodona (now Lake Pamvotis). [142]
Alongside Neoptolemus, Priam's son Chaon also migrated with the Trojans to the land of the Molossians. They were called Chaonians. [143]
The Chaonians were one of the 14 tribes of Epeirotes, and were as powerful as the Molossians. [144]
The town inhabited by the descendants of the Myrmidons who migrated with Neoptolemus was sacked by the Roman army in 167 BC, and the inhabitants were sold into slavery. [145]
7.2 Migration to Troad
In 1170 BC, when Hector's sons came of age, Helenus, son of Priam, gave them an army to attack Ilium. Hector's sons recaptured Ilium, which had been occupied by the sons of Antenor. [146]
At this time, many Trojans migrated to Asia Minor, and the Chaonians became weaker than the Molossians. Strabo states that at first the Chaonians were more powerful than the Molossians, but later the Molossians became more powerful. [147]
7.3 Migration to Asia Minor
In 1156 BC, Pergamus, son of Neoptolemus, migrated from Epirus to Asia Minor with his mother Andromache and founded Pergamon. [148]
Pergamon was located very close to Thebe, where Andromache was born.
8 Iberia
8.1 Founding of Heracleia
In 1400 BC, Maceris migrated from Canopus in Egypt, to the western edge of the Mediterranean Sea and founded Heracleia (later Calpe, near present-day Algeciras). [149]
Mount Calpe, near Heracleia, was the northern pillar of the Pillars of Hercules. [150]
Maceris, known as Egyptian Heracles or Phoenician Heracles, died in Heracleia. [151]
8.2 Settlement in Sardinia
In 1240 BC, Norax, son of Erytheia, daughter of Geryones (or Geryon), migrated to Sardinia and founded the oldest town, Nora (near present-day Cape Pula), at the southern tip of the island. [152]
Norax is presumed to have been a descendant of Maceris. [153]
Norax was originally from Tartessus, a region around the Baetis (formerly Tartessus, now Guadalquivir) River, northwest of Heracleia. [154]
Gadeira (now Cadiz), near the mouth of the Baetis River, and the island facing it, were collectively called Erytheia. Norax's grandfather Geryones kept cattle in Erytheia. [155]
Nora was in close proximity to the settlement of Sardus, son of Maceris. [156]
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