1 Introduction
The Greeks first inhabited Argolis during the "Great Flood of Ogygus" in 1750 BC. They lived in the upper reaches of the Cephisus River, which flows from west to east on the north side of Mount Parnassus, and those who lost their homes in the flood set out for a new land.
The people led by the two sons of Inachus, Aegialeus (or Aezeius) and Phoroneus, moved to the Peloponnesus Peninsula.
Aegialeus settled on the coast in the north of the peninsula, while Phoroneus went further south and settled on the east side of a small hill (later Larisa) at the edge of the plain. [1]
Aegialeus founded Aegialeia (later Sicyon), and Phoroneus founded Phoroneus (later Argos). [2]
2 Asine
2.1 Founding of Asine
In 1230 BC, some of the Dryopians who lived near Mount Parnassus fled to Eurystheus in Mycenae, pursued by Heracles. Eurystheus settled them in the lands near Nauplia, and the Dryopians founded Asine. [3]
2.2 Destruction of Asine
In 745 BC, Eratus, king of Argos, attacked and destroyed Asine, which had sided with the Spartans after a battle with them. [4]
The Dryopians who lived in Asine fled to Lacedaemon and were given land on the coast of Messenia. [5]
3 Cleonae
3.1 Founding of Cleonae
In 1251 BC, Atreus, son of Pelops, moved to Cleonae, about 20 km north-northwest of Midea, and founded the city. [6]
Atreus founded Cleonae around the time Heracles moved from Thebes to Tiryns, the former territory of Amphitryon, Heracles' father. [7]
Atreus's move is thought to have been caused by the return of Licymnius, who lived with Heracles in Thebes, to Midea, where Electryon, the father of Licymnius, lived.
3.2 Helping Heracles
In 1243 BC, Heracles attacked and killed two sons of Actor, Ceatas and Eurytus, in Cleonae, on their way from Hyrmina in Eleia to Isthmus. [8]
At this time, the Cleonaeans joined Heracles. [9]
The leader of the Cleonaeans was Atreus.
Atreus' father, Pelops, was the father of Lysidice (or Eurydice), the mother of Heracles' mother, Alcmena. [10]
In other words, Atreus was the brother of Heracles' grandmother.
3.3 Bride from Crete
In 1235 BC, Pleisthenes (or Plisthenes), son of Atreus, married Aerope (or Eriphyle), daughter of Catreus, son of Minos of Crete. [11]
At that time, Pleisthenes lived in Cleonae. [12]
Phliasus (or Phlias), son of Ariadne, daughter of Minos, lived in Phlius, about 10 km from Cleonae. Phliasus was Aerope's cousin. It is assumed that this kinship relationship led to a long-distance marriage between Pleisthenes, who lived in Cleonae, and Aerope, who lived in Crete.
3.4 Migration to Mycenae
In 1217 BC, Eurystheus of Mycenae died in a battle with the Heracleidae.
Atreus succeeded Eurystheus and migrated to Mycenae. [13]
Atreus left Cleonae to his brother Cleonymus (or Cleones). At this time, the name of the town was changed to Cleonae. [14]
3.5 Migration to Athens
In 1109 BC, Agamedidas, a Heracleidae and great-grandson of Ctesippus, son of Heracles, became ruler of Cleonae. [15]
Paralus (or Parphorus) of Colophon founded Clazomenae on the mainland across from Chios. The town's inhabitants were people who had fled to Athens from Cleonae and Phlius, pursued by the Heracleidae. [16]
3.6 Exile from Mycenae
In 468 BC, Argos occupied Mycenae. [17]
Some of the inhabitants of Mycenae fled to Cleonae. [18]
Therefore, it is assumed that the Achaeans continued to live in Cleonae even after the return of the Heracleidae.
4 Corinth
4.1 Founding of Corinth
In 1407 BC, Archander and Architeles, the two sons of Achaeus, son of Xuthus, fought against Lamedon of Sicyon and defeated Sicyon. [19]
Sisyphus, son of Aeolus, who joined Archander, migrated from Arne in Thessaly to the land east of Sicyon and founded Ephyra (later Corinth). [20]
Sisyphus was the son of Aeolus, the brother of Xuthus, father of Achaeus, father of Archander.
4.2 Migration to Colchis
In 1390 BC, a huge tsunami in the Aegean Sea devastated Corinth.
Aeetes, son of Sisyphus, led the stricken people to relocate to Colchis, near the Phasis River on the eastern shore of the Black Sea. [21]
4.3 Bunus, son of Alcidamea
Sisyphus' son Aeetes was succeeded by Bunus. [22]
Bunus founded the temple of Hera in Corinth. [23]
Sisyphus's family was a descendant of Deucalion of Thessaly and had no connection with the cult of Hera.
Bunus' mother Alcidamea was probably a priestess of the temple of Hera in Argos, the daughter of Lamedon, son of Gelanor, who once occupied Argos.
After the battle between Sicyon and Argos, Alcidamea married Almus, son of Sisyphus, and they probably had a son, Bunus.
4.4 Epopeus, son of Aloeus
Bunus was succeeded by Epopeus, son of Aloeus. [24]
Epopeus lived in Sicyon as king and also ruled Corinth. [25]
The only son of Epopeus known is Marathon. [26]
4.5 Marathon, son of Epopeus
Marathon emigrated to Attica. Pausanias reports that the reason for the migration was Epopeus' tyranny. [27]
However, Marathon married the daughter of Erechtheus, the sixth king of Athens, and this marriage was the reason for the migration. [28]
The marriage was initiated when Marathon came from Sicyon to fight Erechtheus against Immaradus, son of Eumolpus, in 1352 BC. [29]
Pandion, king of Athens before Erechtheus, fought against Eumolpus with the help of Ion, son of Xuthus. [30]
Marathon was the son of Epopeus, son of Aloeus, son of Sisyphus, son of Aeolus, brother of Xuthus, father of Ion.
Marathon had two sons, Sicyon and Corinthus. [31]
4.6 Successors of Corinthus
Corinthus, son of Marathon, succeeded Ephyraea and the city was called Corinth. [32]
Pausanias reports that since Corinthus had no heir, the Corinthians adopted Medea, wife of Jason. [33]
However, genealogy shows that there is a 65-year age difference between Corinthus and Medea.
Apollodoros gives the name of Creon, king of Corinth, father of Glauce, contemporary with Medea. [34]
It is likely that Creon succeeded Corinthus. [35]
Creon, son of Lycaethus, is presumably the grandson of Epopeus' brother. [36]
4.7 Age of Medea and Jason
4.7.1 Migration from Thessaly
Medea, wife of Jason, son of Aeson, lived in Aesonis (or Aeson) in Thessaly.
Aesonis was a city founded by Aeson near the Pagasetic Gulf. [37]
In 1247 BC, Medea migrated from Aesonis to Corinth with Jason. [38]
The Corinthians invited Medea because she was a descendant of Sisyphus, the founder of Corinth.
It was Medea who was invited by the Corinthians, but it was her husband Jason who ruled Corinth. [39]
4.7.2 Migration to Lycia
In 1243 BC, Bellerophontes (or Hipponus, Bellerophon), son of Glaucus, son of Sisyphus, fled from Isthmus in Corinth to Xanthus in Lycia. He married Philonoe, daughter of Iobates, who ruled Xanthus. [40]
Earlier, Lycus, son of Pandion, had emigrated to Lycia. [41]
Iobates was the son of Lycus, son of Pandion, and is thought to have invited Bellerophontes to Lycia to counter the surrounding foreign peoples (Solymi). [42]
Nisus, father of Eurynome, mother of Bellerophontes, was the brother of Lycus, father of Iobates. [43]
Thus, Philonoe was Bellerophontes' second cousin.
4.7.3 Migration to Corcyra
Medea died ten years after Jason and Medea had lived in Corinth. [44]
In 1237 BC, Jason and Heracles marched to northwestern Greece and emigrated to Scheria (later Corcyra). [45]
4.8 Age of Sisyphus, son of Aeolus
Jason was succeeded by Sisyphus, son of Aeolus. [46]
No historical sources give the name of the wife of Ornytion, son of Sisyphus.
However, it is assumed that Ornytion's wife was Peirene, mother of his two sons, Leches and Cenchrias, who gave their names to the outer harbors of Corinth. [47]
Pausanias reports that Peirene's father was Oebalus and that she was the daughter of the river god Achelous. [48]
In 1237 BC, Ornytion led the Corinthians on a journey to accompany Jason to help him settle there. During the expedition, Ornytion married Peirene, daughter of Oebalus, son of Telon, who lived near the river Achelous in Acarnaia.[49]
4.9 Age of Ornytion, son of Sisyphus
4.9.1 Founding of Lechaeum and Cenchreae
Ornytion founded Lechaeum on the Corinthian Gulf and Cenchreae on the Saronic Gulf. They were named after his two sons, Leches and Cenchrias. [50]
The founding of the two towns is estimated to have occurred around 1230 BC.
4.9.2 Migration to Phocis
In 1230 BC, Phocus, son of Ornytion, emigrated from Corinth to Tithorea in Phocis. [51]
4.10 Age of Thoas, son of Ornytion
Corinth appears in Homer's Catalogue of Ships as a town under the command of Mycenae. [52]
However, the Corinthians do not appear to have participated in the Achaeans' expedition to Troy.
4.11 Return of the Heracleidae
4.11.1 Battle with the Dorians
In 1075 BC, Corinth was attacked by the Dorians, led by Aletes, son of Hippotas, a Heracleidae. At that time, Doridas and Hyanthidas, the two sons of Propodas, son of Damophon, son of Thoas, son of Ornytion, were kings. Doridas and Hyanthidas handed over the throne to Aletes and continued to live in the city.
However, Aeolis, the main inhabitant of Corinth, resisted, and Aletes set up camp on the hill of Solygia and fought, driving the resisting inhabitants out of the city. Corinth became a city of the Dorians instead of a city of Aeolis. [53]
4.11.2 Melas, a co-resident
Aletes made Melas, son of Antasus, who had helped Aletes capture Corinth from Gonussa of Achaia, a co-resident. Cypselus, son of Eetion, who became tyrant of Corinth in 657 BC, was a descendant of Melas. [54]
Melas was also a descendant of Gonussa, daughter of Sicyon, son of Marathon, son of Epopeus. [55]
4.11.3 Founding of Megara
In 1074 BC, the Heracleidae, who had completed their return to Peloponnesus, feared the growing power of Athens, so they invaded Athens. Codrus, son of Melanthus, king of Athens, was killed in battle, but Athens was victorious. [56]
On their way back from Athens, the Heracleidae expelled the Ionians who lived in Megara and founded the Dorian city of Megara. [57]
It is said that Aletes of Corinth led the Dorians' expedition. [58]
However, Antiochus, the father of Phylas, the father of Aletes' father Hippotas, was the eponym of Antiochis, one of the ten tribes of Athens. It is believed that Aletes did not lead the Dorians' expedition.
4.12 Rule of the Dorians
After Aletes, the Corinthians were ruled by the Heracleidae, from Ixion to Agelas, Prymnis, and Bacchis. [59]
Bacchis was lame, but had political talent, and had three daughters and seven sons. [60]
The descendants of Bacchis were called Bacchiadae, not Heracleidae. [61]
After Bacchis, Agelas, Eudemus, Aristomedes, Agemon, Alexander, Telestes, and Automenes ruled the Corinthians. [62]
After Automenes, they chose one man each year to run the city for 90 years, but the Bacchiadae were expelled by Cypselus during the reign of Prytanes. [63]
4.13 Age of Cypselus, son of Eetion
In 657 BC, Cypselus, son of Eetion, became tyrant of Corinth. [64]
Cypselus' ancestor was Melas, son of Antasus, who lived in Corinth in cooperation with the Dorians under Aletes.
Melas was a descendant of Gonussa, daughter of Sicyon. [65]
Cypselus was therefore a descendant of Sisyphus, founder of Corinth, and Aeolis.
4.14 Genealogy with no dropouts
After the return of Heracleidae to the Peloponnesus peninsula, there is a dropout of about four generations around the 11th century BC in the lineage of rulers such as Argos and Sparta.
However, the lineage of the rulers of Corinth continues without any inconsistencies after Aletes until the time of Cypselus in the 7th century BC.
Apart from the lineage of the kings of Athens, the lineage of the rulers of Corinth is the only one that has no omissions even after the 11th century BC.
This is probably due to the fact that the ruling class that continued from Sisyphus, the founder of Corinth, continued to live in the city.
The presence of the epic poet Eumelus, the son of Amphilytus, also played a major role.
Eumelus belonged to the Bacchiadae, and Eumelus' grandfather's grandfather was Bacchis, son of Prymnis.
Eumelus compiled the history of Corinth from its founding in the "Corinthian History," and is believed to have been able to trace the genealogy from Aletes to Bacchis.
5 Epidaurus
5.1 Founding of Epidaurus
In 1645 BC, Epidaurus, son of Argus, son of Niobe, migrated from Argos to the east near the sea and founded Epidaurus. [66]
Before that, Epidaurus was a town inhabited by Carians called Epicarus. [67]
5.2 Rule by Tiryns
In 1368 BC, Proetus, son of Abas, gained control of the littoral region of Argolis, including Epidaurus, in a battle with Acrisius. [68]
Until then, Epidaurus was under the control of Argos, but it came under the control of Tiryns.
5.3 Rule by Mycenae
In 1330 BC, Perseus founded Mycenae and surrounded it with a strong wall. [69]
Perseus also ruled Tiryns and Midea, but Epidaurus was probably under the control of Mycenae.
However, none of Perseus' many sons were related to Epidaurus.
5.4 Migration from Aegina
In 1285 BC, Aeacus, son of Actor, emigrated from Dia in Thessaly to the island of Aegina. At this time, Aegina was inhabited by Ionians, who had settled on the island from Oenoe in Attica. They migrated to Epidaurus under the leadership of the descendants of Ion, son of Xuthus. [70]
5.5 Birth of Asclepius
In 1263 BC, Asclepius, the god of medicine, was born to Ischys and Coronis, daughter of Phlegyas.
Pausanias writes that Asclepius was born in Epidaurus. [71]
Epidaurus was the ancestral home of Phlegyas. [72]
Probably, Phlegyas' mother was born in Epidaurus.
Later, the cult of Asclepius became popular in Epidaurus, and the legend that Asclepius was born in Epidaurus probably arose.
Strabo tells us that Asclepius was born on the banks of the Lethaeus River, which flows through Tricca in Thessaly. [73]
5.6 Trojan War period
During the Trojan War period, Epidaurus was under the control of Argos. [74]
5.7 Founding of Perinthus
In 1170 BC, Perinthus of Epidaurus participated in the expedition of Orestes and founded Perinthus. This Perinthus was not a city in Thracia. [75]
In 1173 BC, the Dorians led by Cleodaeus, son of Hyllus, invaded Peloponnesus from Doris and destroyed Mycenae. [76]
It is assumed that the Dorians invaded Epidaurus at this time and devastated the land.
5.8 Migration to Athens
In 1102 BC, Deiphontes, son of Antimachus, led the Dorians from Argos to attack Epidaurus. Pityreus, a descendant of Ion, son of Xuthus, handed the city over to Deiphontes. [77]
Pityreus led the inhabitants of Epidaurus to emigrate to Athens. [78]
Deiphontes brought Ionians from Tetrapolis in Attica with him and settled them in Epidaurus. [79]
5.9 Migration from Tiryns
In 468 BC, Tiryns was attacked by Argos, and some of its inhabitants emigrated to Epidaurus. [80]
6 Heraeum
6.1 Foundation of the Temple of Hera
In 1610 BC, Peiras (or Pirantos), son of Argus, son of Niobe, founded the temple of Hera. [81]
Argus, son of Niobe, made an image of Hera from a pear tree that grew in Tiryns. [82]
Peiras appointed his daughter Callithyia (or Callithias) as the first priestess of the temple of Hera. [83]
6.2 Migration to Eleusis
In 1580 BC, Trochilus, son of Callithyia, emigrated from Argos to Eleusis. Trochilus brought the cult of the temple of Hera to Eleusis. [84]
6.3 Age of Iasus
Io, daughter of Iasus, son of Triopas, was also a priestess of the temple of Hera. [85]
In 1560 BC, Io emigrated to Egypt with her father Iasus. [86]
Io was called Isis in Egypt. [87]
6.4 Age of Danaus
In 1430 BC, Io's descendant Danaus emigrated from Egypt and ruled Argos. [88]
Danaus' daughter Hypermnestra became a priestess at the temple of Hera. [89]
6.5 Age of Lamedon
In 1408 BC, Lamedon, son of Gelanor, who had been banished from Argos by Danaus, invaded Argos from Sicyon and took control of the city. [90]
Lamedon's daughter Alcidamea became a priestess of the temple of Hera. [91]
Alcidamea's son Bunus succeeded Aeetes, son of Sisyphus, as king of Corinth and built a temple of Hera in Corinth. [92]
6.6 Age of Proetus
In 1368 BC, Proetus, son of Abas, made peace with Acrisius and was given the dominion over Tiryns, Heraeum, Mideia, and the littoral region of Argolis. [93]
Earlier, Proetus had founded a temple of Hera near the coast of Sicyon. [94]
6.7 Age of Perseus
In 1332 BC, Perseus returned from the island of Seriphus and occupied Tiryns. [95]
In 1330 BC, Perseus founded Mycenae and surrounded it with strong walls. [96]
From this time, Heraeum was presumably under the control of Perseus of Mycenae, not Megapenthes, the son of Proetus of Argos.
6.8 Age of Sthenelus
Perseus' son Sthenelus inherited Mycenae from his father. [97]
Sthenelus' daughter Alcyone became the priestess of the temple of Hera. [98]
6.9 Age of Eurystheus
Eurystheus, son of Sthenelus, inherited Mycenae from his father. [99]
Eurystheus' daughter Admete became a priestess at the temple of Hera. [100]
Argos and Mycenae were fighting over the temple of Hera, but it was under the jurisdiction of Mycenae at least until the time of Eurystheus. [101]
7 Hermione
7.1 Founding of Hermione
In 1700 BC, Hermion, son of Europs, son of Phoroneus, moved from Argos to the southeast near the sea and founded Hermione. [102]
Hermione was the oldest town in Peloponnesus, after Sicyon, Argos, and Mycenae.
Before that, it was inhabited by the Carians. [103]
7.2 Migration from near Parnassus
In 1230 BC, some Dryopians who lived near Mount Parnassus were chased by Heracles and moved to the area near Hermione, where they founded New Hermione. [104]
8 Midea (or Mideia)
8.1 Founding of Midea
Midea was founded and walled by Perseus, son of Danae. [105]
However, Pausanias writes that Midea was already there in the time of Acrisius, grandfather of Perseus. [106]
If Pausanias's description is correct, Midea was founded before 1368 BC.
Perhaps Midea was called by a different name when Perseus' son Electryon lived there.
Electryon's wife was Midea the Phrygian, and Electryon probably named the city after her. [107]
8.2 Exile of Hippodamia
In 1290 BC, Hippodamia, wife of Pelops, fled from Pisa to Midea after being exiled by her husband. [108]
Electryon's second wife, Lysidice (or Eurydice), was the daughter of Hippodamia. [109]
Hippodamia died in Midea. Her remains were later buried in Olympia. [110]
8.3 The Electryon Clan
In 1277 BC, Electryon, along with his brother Helius and his nephew Amphitryon, campaigned in northwestern Greece. [111]
During this campaign, Electryon and his sons died, leaving behind his son Licymnius and daughter Alcmena. [112]
Amphitryon summoned his cousins Licymnius and Alcmena to Thebes, where Amphitryon married Alcmena. [113]
Sthenelus of Mycenae placed Pelops' two sons, Atreus and Thyestes, in charge of Midea. [114]
8.4 The Return of Licymnius
In 1251 BC, Heracles emigrated from Thebes to Tiryns, his father's former domain.
Licymnius also returned to his father's former domain Midea. [115]
When Heracles migrated from Tiryns to Pheneus, the name Licymnius was not among the people who accompanied Heracles. [116]
When Licymnius returned, Atreus, the son of Pelops, who lived in Midea, migrated north and founded Cleonae. [117]
8.5 Return of the Heracleidae
In 1215 BC, after the battle with Eurystheus, the Heracleidae, under the command of Hyllus, invaded the Peloponnesus Peninsula by land through the Isthmus of Corinth. [118]
Heracles' mother Alcmena and her brother Licymnius returned to their father's former territory of Midea. [119]
Licymnius died in Midea and was buried in Tiryns. [120]
The Acropolis of Tiryns was called Licymna after Licymnius.[121]
8.6 Midea after the Trojan War
Midea does not appear in Homer's Catalogue of Ships. [122]
It also does not appear in the legend of the final return of the Heracleidae.
However, Strabo writes that Midea was destroyed by Argos along with Tiryns. [123]
Tiryns was destroyed by Argos in 468 BC. [124]
In 1173 BC, the Dorians, led by Cleodaeus, son of Hyllus, attacked Mycenae and destroyed the city. [125]
Midea was also destroyed by the Dorians at this time and was probably rebuilt afterwards.
9 Nauplia
9.1 Founding of Nauplia
In 1405 BC, Nauplius, son of Amymone, daughter of Danaus, founded Nauplia near Tiryns. [126]
The inhabitants of Nauplia were people who migrated from Egypt with Danaus. [127]
9.2 Origin of the town's name
Strabo writes that Nauplia was named after its location, and that Nauplius was an invented character based on the name of the town. Strabo cites Homer's failure to mention Nauplia or Palamedes as evidence. Strabo also writes that Nauplius, the son of Amymone, could not have been alive at the time of the Trojan War. [128]
However, Strabo did not know that there were two Nauplius.
Nauplius at the time of the Trojan War was the son of Clytonaeus, the son of Naubolus, the son of Lernus, the son of Proetus, the son of Nauplius, the son of Amymone. [129]
Nauplia is thought to have been named after the founder of the town, Nauplius.
9.3 Trojan War period
Nauplia does not appear in Homer's Catalogue of Ships.
Palamedes, son of Nauplius, led a fleet from Cormos to the Troy expedition. [130]
There is also a legend in which Nauplius' sons appear in a battle between Orestes, son of Agamemnon, and Aegisthus. [131]
Nauplia must have existed at the time of the Trojan War.
9.4 Occupation by Argos
In 669 BC, Nauplia was attacked by the Argives and became part of Argos. The Nauplians were given Mothone in southwestern Messenia after the Spartans' victory over the Messenians. [132]
10 Nemea
10.1 Founding of Nemea
In 1247 BC, a civil war broke out in Argos, and Adrastus, son of Talaus, fled to Polybus in Sicyon. [133]
At this time, Pronax, son of Talaus, moved from Argos to the upper reaches of the Nemea River, which flows between Sicyon and Corinth, and founded a town there. [134]
Pronax married Nemea, daughter of Sisyphus, son of Aeolus of Corinth, and named the town Nemea. [135]
Pronax's son Lycurgus was a priest of Nemean Zeus. [136]
10.2 Marriage of Hypsipyle
Pronax took Hypsipyle, daughter of Thoas, as his second wife. Thoas was the son of Ariadne, daughter of Minos of Crete, and lived in Lemnos. [137]
The story of Hypsipyle, born in Lemnos, and married to Pronax of Nemea is presumed to be as follows:
A plague ravaged Lemnos, and her parents died, leaving the young Hypsipyle behind. [138]
Orphaned, Hypsipyle was taken by the people, who emigrated with her father Thoas from Naxos to Lemnos, emigrated to Naxos.
In 1250 BC, Oenarus, priests of Dionysus, and Ariadne in Naxos, made an expedition to Peloponnesus to spread the cult of Dionysus. [139]
Hypsipyle was the granddaughter of Oenarus and Ariadne, and traveled around the Peloponnesus with her grandparents.
Ariadne's son Phliasus (or Phlias), who participated in the expedition, married Chthonophyle of Phlius in Argolis and lived in Phlius. [140]
Hypsipyle's grandmother Ariadne died in Argos during the journey, and Hypsipyle was adopted by her uncle Phliasus and lived in Phlius. [141]
In 1233 BC, Hypsipyle married Pronax, the son of Talaus, who lived in Nemea. [142]
10.3 Migration to Lemnos
In 1188 BC, Euneus, son of Hypsipyle, migrated from Nemea to Lemnos when he participated in the Achaeans' expedition to Troy. Euneus' grandfather Thoas was the ruler of Lemnos. [143]
When Euneus migrated to Lemnos, the island was inhabited not by the people who had migrated with Thoas from Naxos, but by the Minyans who had fled from Iolcus in Thessaly. [144]
In order to subjugate the Minyans living on the island, Euneus spread the story that Euneus' father was Jason, son of Aeson. [145]
11 Orneae
11.1 Founding of Orneae
In 1275 BC, Orneus, who was driven from Athens by Aegeus, migrated to the vicinity of Phlius in Argolis and founded Orneae. [146]
Pausanias reports that Orneus' father was Erechtehus. [147]
If Orneus' father was Erechtehus, the sixth king of Athens, then Menestheus, the son of Peteus, the son of Orneus, was a contemporary of Aegeus, the adopted son of Pandion, the son of Cecrops. However, the contemporary of Menestheus during the Trojan War was not Aegeus, but his grandson. Therefore, Erechtehus here seems to be another name for Pandion, the eighth king of Athens. Orneus was therefore Aegeus's brother-in-law.
11.2 Trojan War period
During the Trojan War period, Orneae was under the rule of Mycenae. [148]
Afterwards, Orneae came under the rule of Argos. [149]
11.3 Fall of Orneae
In 415 BC, the Lacedaemonians populated Orneae with aristocrats who had fled from Argos. [150]
Afterwards, the Argives attacked Orneae and completely destroyed the city. [151]
12 Phlius
12.1 Founding of Phlius
Homer calls Phlius Araethyrea. [152]
However, Strabo writes that Phlius was founded about 6 km from Araethyrea. [153]
There are also town that predate Araethyrea, and the first town was founded by Aras. [154]
The town founded by Aras was probably located 1 km from Phlius in the area that later became Celeae. Aras' tomb was located there. [155]
It is estimated that Aras founded the town around 1350 BC.
12.2 Genealogy of Aras
The wife of Phlias, son of Aras' daughter Araethyrea, was Chthonophyle, daughter of Sicyon, son of Marathon, son of Epopeus. [156]
Aras' father was therefore a contemporary of Epopeus, son of Aloeus.
Aras' father was probably either Hopleus or Nireus, brother of Epopeus. [157]
Their father Aloeus was the son of Sisyphus, founder of Corinth. [158]
12.3 Bride from Sicyon
In 1305 BC, Phlias, son of Araethyrea, married Chthonophyle, daughter of Sicyon, from Sicyon. [159]
12.4 Bride from Naxos
In 1250 BC, a group of people who carried on the rites of Dionysus visited Peloponnesus. [160]
The group was led by Oenarus, a priest of Dionysus and his wife Ariadne from Naxos.
Their host was Melampus, son of Amythaon from Argos. [161]
At that time, Polybus, son of Phlias, lived in Sicyon, succeeding his maternal grandfather, Sicyon. Besides Polybus, Phlias had a son who succeeded Phlias. However, he had no one to succeed Phlius, since he only had a daughter, Chthonophyle.
Phliasus (or Phlias), son of Oenarus, married Chthonophyle and succeeded Phlius. [162]
Phliasus and Chthonophyle had a common ancestor, Sisyphus, founder of Ephyra (later Corinth).
It seems likely that Melampus acted as an intermediary between them.
Melampus was the uncle of Talaus, the husband of Lysianassa, daughter of Polybus, Chthonophyle's uncle.
12.5 Relations between Phlius and Naxos
Phlias' father Oenarus was the son of Otus, son of Aloeus, or of Ephialtes, brother of Otus, who emigrated from Anthedon in Boeotia to Naxos. [163]
Otus and Ephialtes emigrated to the island then called Strongyle (later Naxos) and renamed it Dia. [164]
Dia was another name for Hebe, the daughter of the goddess Hera, and was worshipped in Phlius and Sicyon.[165]
12.6 Age of the sons of Phlias
In 1243 BC, Dameon, son of Phlias, participated in Heracles' attack on Elis and was killed by Ceatas, son of Actor. [166]
Afterwards, Dameon's brother Androdamas seems to have emigrated to Sicyon. [167]
Pausanias writes that the inhabitants of Phlius were Argives before the Heracleidae brought the Dorians to Phlius. [168]
Probably, Phlius came under the control of Argos.
12.7 Return of the Heracleidae
In 1087 BC, Rhegnidas, son of Phalces, son of Temenus, led an expedition to Phlius with the Dorians of Argos and Sicyon, and was accepted by the inhabitants as king of Phlius.
Hippasus, the Phlius leader who opposed cohabitation with the Dorians, emigrated to Samos. [169]
Some of the Phlius inhabitants, together with the Cleonaeans, crossed over to Asia Minor and founded Clazomenae on the mainland opposite Chios. [170]
13 Sicyon
13.1 Founding of Aegialeia
In 1750 BC, Aegialeus (or Aezeius), son of Inachus, emigrated from the upper reaches of the Cephisus River near Mount Parnassus to the northern coast of the Peloponnesus Peninsula and founded Aegialeia (later Sicyon). [171]
Aegialeus' brother Phoroneus went further south and founded Phoroneus (later Argos). [172]
13.2 Genealogy of Aegialeus
Pausanias gives the genealogy of Apis, son of Telchis, son of Europs, son of Aegialeus. [173]
Pausanias refers to a list of the kings of Sicyon prepared by the chronicler Castor, which does not include any mention of their parentage.
Europs and Apis were sons of Aegialeus' brother Phoroneus. [174]
13.3 Succession struggle
Early in Sicyon, there was a succession struggle as follows:
Aegialeus had a son, Lycaon, who died before his father.
When Aegialeus died in 1708 BC, Lycaon's son Hyperetus was a boy.
Aegialeus' brother Phoroneus made his son Europs the successor of Aegialeus, and Europs became the second king of Sicyon. [175]
In 1702 BC, Telchin (or Telchis), a powerful man in Sicyon, usurped the throne from Europs and became the third king of Sicyon. [176]
Phoroneus attacked Sicyon and fought the Telcines led by Telchin, but was defeated. [177]
13.4 Battle with Apis
In 1700 BC, Phoroneus died, and his son Apis became the third king of Argos. [178]
In 1690 BC, Apis attacked Sicyon, defeated the Telcines, and captured the city. [179]
Apis also became the fourth king of Sicyon. [180]
Apis became the ruler of Peloponnesus, who was called Apia after Apis. [181]
13.5 Migration to Crete
Part of the Telchines, who were defeated in the battle against Apis, migrated to Crete, led by Telchin's son Cres. [182]
Cres became king of the Eteocretans of Crete. [183]
Part of the descendants of Cres went to Ophiussa, and the island became known as Telchines (later Rhodes). [184]
13.6 Ruled by Argos
Apis married Pelasgus, son of his sister Niobe, to Deianira, daughter of Lycaon, son of Aegialeus, and gave Pelasgus the rulership of Sicyon. [185]
With Pelasgus, many Pelasgians migrated from Argos to Sicyon.
In 1665 BC, Telchin and his son Thelxion killed Apis, and Sicyon became independent from Argos. [186]
13.7 Migration from Crete
When Sicyon became independent from Argos and the Telchines took control of the city, trade with the Telchines who had migrated to Crete flourished.
It is believed that the Telchines also settled in Mycenae, which was a key location on the road between the Gulf of Argolis and Sicyon.
13.8 Migration to Italy
Pelasgus and Deianira's son Lycaon married Cyllene and had two sons, Oenotrus and Peucetius. [187]
In 1635 BC, Oenotrus and Peucetius led the descendants of those who had migrated from Argos to Sicyon with their grandfather Pelasgus in search of a new land.
Oenotrus and Peucetius left Sicyon and settled on the Italian peninsula. [188]
13.9 Internal conflict in Argos
In 1600 BC, a conflict arose among the descendants of Argus, son of Niobe, who lived in Argos.
Phorbas, son of Criasus, son of Argus, usurped the throne from Triops, son of Peirasus, son of Argus. Argus, son of Agenor, son of Ecbasus, son of Argus, sided with Triops and emigrated to Mycenae, where the city came to be called Argion. [189]
Argus was called many-eyed or all-seeing, and was a man of great foresight. [190]
13.10 Marriage relations with Mycenae
Argus married Ismene, daughter of Thurimachus, the seventh king of Sicyon. [191]
Messapus, son of Argus, married Calchinia, daughter of Leucippus, the eighth king of Sicyon. [192]
After the death of Leucippus, Messapus, who lived in Mycenae, became the ninth king of Sicyon and took control of Sicyon. [193]
13.11 Battle with Argos
In 1560 BC, Messapus, son of Argus, attacked Argos, and Telchines, who lived in Sicyon, joined the attack.
The Pelasgians who lived in Argos migrated to various places. [194]
After this battle, Mycenae came to control most of the people living in the Peloponnesus Peninsula, except for the Pelasgians who lived in Arcadia.
13.12 Emergence of Danaus
In 1430 BC, during the time of Orthopolis, son of Plemnaeus, Danaus migrated from Egypt to Argos. [195]
Gelanor, son of Sthenelas, who was driven out of Argos by Danaus, fled to Sicyon. [196]
At that time, Mycenae was ruled by Gelanor's brother Eurystheus. [197]
Mycenae was also destroyed by Danaus, and the inhabitants of Mycenae fled to Sicyon.
13.13 Occupation of Argos
In 1408 BC, Lamedon, son of Gelanor, occupied Argos with the help of Orthopolis in Sicyon. [198]
This was the fifth year after the death of Lynceus, who succeeded Danaus, and his son Abas (or Triopas) succeeded him. [199]
Abas migrated from Argos to Phocis and founded Abae. [200]
13.14 Battle with the Achaeans
In 1407 BC, Archander and Architeles, the two sons of Achaeus, drove out Lamedon, who had occupied Argos. [201]
Orthopolis of Sicyon fought against Archander on the side of Lamedon.
Archander's allies included Marathonius, son of Deucalion of Locris, and Sisyphus, son of Aeolus of Thessaly. [202]
13.15 Results of the Battle
Marathonius, son of Deucalion, became the 13th king of Sicyon, with Chrysorthe, daughter of Orthopolis, as his wife. [203]
However, Marathonius's title to the Sicyon king was merely formal.
The one who actually ruled Sicyon was Sisyphus, son of Aeolus.
Sisyphus founded Ephyra (later Corinth) to the east of Sicyon, and ruled over both towns. [204]
Sicyon became the town of Aeolis, instead of Telchines.
13.16 Sicyon after Orthopolis
After the death of Sisyphus, Sicyon was succeeded by his son Aloeus, and Corinth by his son Aeetes. [205]
Aloeus was succeeded by his son Epopeus. [206]
Epopeus lived in Sicyon and also ruled over Corinth. [207]
13.17 Metope, wife of Epopeus
13.17.1 Genealogy of Metope
The river Ismenus, which flows from south to north just east of Thebes, was named after Ismenus, son of Melia. Before that, the river was called Ladon. [208]
The river god Asopus of Phlius married Ladon's daughter Metope, and had a son, Ismenus, who became the name of the river in Boeotia. [209]
Ladon's daughter Metope (or Melia) had another son, Tenerus (or Pelasgus, Pelagon). [210]
Tenerus was a prophet and established an oracle on Mount Ptous, east of Lake Copais. [211]
Teiresias, son of Everes, a prophet of Thebes during the siege of Thebes, was a descendant of Udaeus, one of the Sparti of Cadmus. [212]
Historis, daughter of Teiresias, who was present at the birth of Alcmena, wife of Amphitryon, in Thebes, was also a prophet. Her father Teiresias is thought to have been the son of Tenerus, son of Metope, rather than the son of Everes. [213]
From the above, it can be assumed that Ladon, father of Metope, was the ancestor of Teiresias, son of Everes, and that Ladon's father was Udaeus, one of the Sparti who settled in Cadmeia with Cadmus. [214]
13.17.2 Metope's husband
Metope's husband, i.e., the river god Asopus of Phlius, is presumed to be Epopeus, the son of Aloeus, for the following reasons:
1) Metope's son Ismenus migrated from Phlius, where Epopeus lived, to Boeotia and settled near the river Ismenus. [215]
The river Ismenus was called the river Ladon. [216]
Probably, the river was named after Metope's father Ladon. [217]
2) Asopus' daughter Harpina (or Harpine) married Heraea in western Arcadia, where the river near the city was called Ladon. [218]
At the time of Harpina's marriage, Epopeus was the ruler of Sicyon, where the river Asopus flows from Phlius, and it is assumed that Harpina's father, the river god Asopus, was Epopeus.
Metope's husband was therefore Epopeus, and it is assumed that their daughter Harpina gave the name of the river flowing near Heraea after the river in her mother's hometown.
13.18 Epopeus and Antiope
13.18.1 Appearance in historical sources
In Homer's works, Antiope appears as the mother of Amphion and Zethus, but Epopeus does not. [219]
In Herodotus's work, neither Antiope nor Epopeus appears.
In Apollonius of Rhodes's work, Antiope appears as the mother of Amphion and Zethus, but Epopeus does not. [220]
In works of the chroniclers Castor and Jerome, Epopeus, king of Sicyon, appears, but Antiope does not. [221]
In Diodorus's work, Epopeus, king of Sicyon, appears, but Antiope does not. [222]
In Hyginus's work, Epaphus, who married Antiope and was killed by Lycus, appears, instead of Epopeus. [223]
Apollodorus writes that Antiope fled to Epopeus of Sicyon and married him, and that Lycus of Thebes attacked Sicyon and killed Epopeus. [224]
Isaac Newton agrees with Pausanias. [225]
13.18.2 Pausanias' account
Pausanias writes about Epopeus of Sicyon and his son Marathon:
After the death of Bunus, king of Corinth, Epopeus, king of Sicyon, also ruled Corinth. [226]
Epopeus kidnapped Antiope, so the Thebans invaded Sicyon. Nycteus was wounded, but Epopeus was wounded, but he won.
Nycteus was wounded and he asked his brother Lycus for revenge on his deathbed.
While Antiope was being taken to Thebes by the Thebans, she gave birth to Amphion and Zethus. [227]
Marathon, son of Epopeus, son of Aloeus, son of Helius, emigrated to the coast of Attica to escape his father's lawlessness and tyranny. After Epopeus died, Marathon divided the kingdom among his sons and returned to Attica. [228]
The traditions of Epopeus and Antiope seem to intentionally link Amphion and Zethus, who founded Thebes, to Sicyon.
13.19 Epopeus and Thessaly
Pausanias reports that Epopeus came from Thessaly and took the kingdom. [229]
A genealogy shows that at the same time, Boeotus, son of Melanippe, daughter of Aeolus, returned from Italy to Arne in Thessaly and succeeded Aeolus. [230]
Epopeus was the son of Canace, daughter of Aeolus, and, like Boeotus, was the grandson of Aeolus of Arne. [231]
Epopeus was probably adopted by Aeolus of Arne and returned to Sicyon from Thessaly due to the return of Boeotus.
13.20 Migration from Attica
In 1321 BC, after the death of Epopeus, his son Marathon returned from Attica to Sicyon and inherited Sicyon and Corinth. [232]
Marathon's two sons, Sicyon and Corinthus, were given Asopia and Ephyraea, which became known as Sicyon and Corinth. [233]
Marathon's wife was the daughter of Erechtheus, the sixth king of Athens. [234]
13.21 Migration from Tenea
In 1276 BC, Marathon's son Sicyon was succeeded by Polybus, the son of his daughter Chthonophyle. [235]
Polybus, who lived in Tenea in Corinth, left the town to his adopted son Oedipus and emigrated to Sicyon. [236]
13.22 Marriage to Argos
In 1263 BC, Lysianassa, daughter of Polybus, was married to Talaus, son of Bias of Argos, and had a son, Adrastus. [237]
13.23 Adrastus, son of Talaus
In 1247 BC, Adrastus, son of Talaus of Argos, fought with Amphiaraus, descendant of Melampus, and fled to Polybus in Sicyon. [238]
Polybus was the father of Lysianassa, mother of Adrastus.
In 1238 BC, Adrastus made peace with Amphiaraus and returned to Argos. [239]
In 1236 BC, Polybus died, and his grandson Adrastus was invited by the people of Sicyon to govern the city. [240]
In 1232 BC, Adrastus returned to Argos after living in Sicyon for four years.[241]
13.24 Sicyon after Adrastus
There are two versions of the lineage of the kings of Sicyon after Adrastus' departure.
13.24.1 Castor's account
After Adrastus, Polypheides, Pelasgus, and Zeuxippus as kings, and after them, the priests of Apollo Carneus ruled Sicyon. [242]
Castor gives the total reign of the three kings as 82 years, and says that Dorinas' rule began in 1150 BC.
13.24.2 Pausanias' account
After Adrastus, Ianiscus, Phaestus, Zeuxippus, Hippolytus, and Lacestades became kings. During the time of Lacestades, Phalces, the son of Temenus, attacked Sicyon, but Lacestades, being a member of the Heracleidae, lived with them. [243]
Pausanias writes that Phaestus was the son of Heracles, but if that was true, he would have been driven out by Eurystheus of Mycenae. Phaestus' mother's name is also unknown, so it is thought that he was not the son of Heracles. [244]
Castor found the kings of Sicyon after Adrastus from historical sources and created a genealogy, but it seems that he left out about two of them.
Pausanias's writings seem to be based on historical sources that record the genealogy and deeds of the kings of Sicyon, so he is reliable.
13.25 Abolition of the monarchy
Sicyon, which became the town of Dorinas, was ruled by priests, not king. [245]
Sicyon came under the rule of Dorinas in 1109 BC.
Castor's Chronicle states that the reign of King Sicyon was 959 years, Jerome's Chronicle states that it was 962 years, and Suda's Dictionary states that it was 981 years. [246]
However, in reality, it was 641 years, from 1750 BC to 1109 BC.
14 Tenea
14.1 Founding of Tenea
The first ruler of Tenea was Polybus, son of Phlias. [247]
Polybus lived in Phlius, but is presumed to have migrated east-southeast and founded Tenea. [248]
14.2 Migration from Thebes
In 1286 BC, Oedipus, son of Laius, was adopted by Polybus and emigrated from Thebes to Tenea. [249]
Polybus' wife Periboea was probably Laius' daughter, and Polybus, having no heir, adopted her brother. [250]
14.3 Migration to Sicyon
In 1276 BC, Polybus succeeded his grandfather as king of Sicyon and emigrated from Tenea to Sicyon. [251]
Oedipus succeeded Polybus as ruler of Tenea.
14.4 Migration to Thebes
In 1238 BC, Sphinx revolted in Boeotia. Oedipus led the Corinthians in suppressing the revolt and migrating to Thebes. [252]
14.5 Migration from Tenedos
It is believed that some of the inhabitants of Tenea accompanied Oedipus in his migration to Thebes.
After Oedipus' departure, Tenea came under the rule of Atreus of Cleonae, a neighboring city to the west.
In 1186 BC, Agamemnon, the grandson of Atreus, settled in Tenea people who had fled Tenedos off the coast of Troy. [253]
The town was then named Tenea after Tenes (or Tennes), son of Cycnus (or Cygnus), ruler of Tenedos. [254]
14.6 Migration to Tenedos
In 1170 BC, Orestes, son of Agamemnon, and Peisander of Amyclae marched to Tenedos, where Peisander settled. [255]
It is believed that some of the inhabitants of Tenea accompanied Orestes back to Tenedos.
14.7 Migration to Sicily
In 733 BC, Archias, a member of the Heracleidae of Corinth, migrated to southeastern Sicily, expelled the Sicels, and founded Syracuse. [256]
Most of the immigrants led by Archias were Teneans. [257]
In other words, the early inhabitants of Syracuse were Trojans.
14.8 Roman Period
When Pausanias traveled to Greece in the 2nd century AD, Tenea was inhabited by the descendants of people who had migrated from Tenedos. [258]
15 Tiryns
15.1 Founding of Tiryns
In 1645 BC, Tiryns, son of Argus, son of Niobe, migrated southeast from Argos to near the sea and founded Tiryns. [259]
In 1610 BC, Tiryns' brother Peiras founded the temple of Hera in Argos. [260]
The image of Hera was carved by Argus, son of Niobe, from a pear tree that grew in Tiryns. [261]
15.2 Transition of ruler of Tiryns
In 1387 BC, Proetus, son of Abas, expelled Acrisius from Argos, and Tiryns came under his control. [262]
In 1370 BC, Acrisius, son of Abas, expelled Proetus from Argos, and Tiryns came under his control. [263]
In 1368 BC, Proetus, with the help of Amphianax, father of his wife Steneboea, captured Tiryns. [264]
Afterwards, Proetus and Acrisius fought, and Tiryns became Proetus's territory. [265]
Proetus invited Cyclopes from Lycia to strengthen the walls of Tiryns. [266]
In 1343 BC, Perseus, grandson of Acrisius, killed Proetus and fled to the island of Seriphus. [267]
In 1339 BC, Acrisius died, and Megapenthes, son of Proetus, moved from Tiryns to Argos. [268]
In 1334 BC, Perseus returned from Seriphus and occupied Tiryns. [269]
In 1330 BC, Perseus founded Mycenae, and Alcaeus, son of Perseus, lived in Tiryns. [270]
In 1287 BC, Amphitryon married Laonome, daughter of Guneus of Pheneus in Arcadia, and had a son, Iphicles. [271]
In 1280 BC, Alcaeus died, and his son Amphitryon succeeded him in Tiryns.
In 1278 BC, Amphitryon moved from Tiryns to Thebes, invited by Sparti of Thebes. [272]
In 1251 BC, Heracles, son of Amphitryon, migrated from Thebes to Tiryns. [273]
In 1243 BC, Heracles migrated from Tiryns to Pheneus in Arcadia. [274]
After this, the son of Eurystheus of Mycenae probably ruled Tiryns.
15.3 Migration to Rhodes
In 1215 BC, the Heracleidae, led by Hyllus, son of Heracles, returned to Peloponnesus, but the following year they retreated to Tricorythus in Attica. [275]
Licymnius, brother of Alcmena, mother of Heracles, who remained in Peloponnesus, died, and Tlepolemus, son of Heracles, led the Tirynthians to Rhodes. [276]
The acropolis of Tiryns was called Licymna after Licymnius, so it is assumed that Licymnius' tomb was located there. [277]
Homer reports that the Tirynthians invaded Troy under the command of the Argives, not the Mycenaeans. [278]
However, Tiryns has never been under the control of Argos since the time of Perseus, and should be listed as a town of the Mycenaeans.
15.4 Fall of Tiryns
In 468 BC, Tiryns was destroyed by Argos along with Mycenae. [279]
The Tirynthians who escaped Tiryns settled in Epidaurus and Halieis, on the eastern side of the entrance to the Gulf of Argolis. [280]
16 Troezen
16.1 Founding of Troezen
In 1430 BC, Orus, who migrated from Egypt to Greece with Danaus, settled in the southeastern part of Argolis, and the area became known as Oraea. [281]
After Orus, Althepus, son of Orus' daughter Leis, Saron, and two sons of Alcyone, Hyperes and Anthas, and Anthas' son Aetius, ruled the city.
During the time of Aetius, two sons of Pelops, Pittheus and Troezen, migrated from Pisa to Aetius and lived with him. [282]
Pittheus gathered people and founded a town, which he named Troezen after his brother. [283]
Pittheus founded Troezen in 1285 BC. [284]
16.2 Exile from Attica
In 1264 BC, Pandion's adopted son Aegeus was banished from Athens by the sons of Pallas and fled to Troezen to live with Pittheus. [285]
Pittheus was the father of Henioche, the wife of Canethus, the brother of Chalcodon, the father of Aegeus' second wife Chalciope. Thus, Aegeus likely sought refuge with Pittheus, the father of his step-sister, through his wife Chalciope. [286]
Alcathous, son of Pelops, of Megara, may have introduced his brother Pittheus to Aegeus. [287]
In 1263 BC, Aegeus had a son, Theseus, born to Aethra, daughter of Pittheus. [288]
Aegeus was estimated to be 55 years old at the time, and Aegeus and Aethra were not officially married.[289]
16.3 Migration to Attica
In 1262 BC, Aegeus returned to Athens with the help of Troezen's two sons, Anaphlystus and Sphettus. [290]
The two sons of Troezen, Anaphlystus and Sphettus, founded Anaphlystus and Sphettus in Attica. [291]
In 1256 BC, Aegeus' son Theseus, who was brought up in Troezen, saw Heracles, who visited Pittheus, at his house. [292]
Pittheus was the brother of Nicippe, the mother of Alcmena, the mother of Heracles.
In 1247 BC, Theseus emigrated from Troezen to Athens. [293]
Theseus lived in Troezen as the successor of Pittheus, but Aegeus had no heir, so Theseus was summoned to Athens.
16.4 Migration from Athens
In 1241 BC, Theseus moved his son Hippolytus, born to Antiope, to Troezen to be the successor of Pittheus. [294]
Hippolytus is said to have died when his chariot capsized after the reins got caught in a wild olive tree. [295]
However, Hippolytus is thought to have died fighting in the Epigoni with Diomedes of Argos. [296]
Hippolytus and Diomedes were contemporaries, and Troezen had a sanctuary for Hippolytus that Diomedes founded.
16.5 Emigration to Asia Minor
In 1070 BC, Anthes, a descendant of Aetius, son of Anthas, son of Alcyone, migrated from Troezen to Caria and founded Halicarnassus and Myndus. [297]
Anthes' emigration group was included in the emigration group led by Althaemenes, son of Ceisus, son of Temenos of Argos. [298]
Althaemenes' emigrants settled in Rhodes and then dispersed to Halicarnassus, Cnidus and Cos. [299]
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