1 Introduction
In 1580 BC, Hellen's father Deucalion's grandfather moved north from Boeotia under pressure from the Hyantes and others. Deucalion founded Pyrrha (later Melitaea) near the source of the Enipeus River, which flows from the south into the Peneius River in northern Thessaly. [1]
Deucalion had two sons, Hellen and Amphictyon. [2]
Hellen had three sons, Aeolus, Xuthus, and Dorus. [3]
When Hellen died, Aeolus joined with Dorus in banishing Xuthus. [4]
In 1470 BC, Xuthus fled to Athens, where his uncle Amphictyon had once ruled as king.
Xuthus married Creusa, the daughter of Erichthonius, the fourth king of Athens. Xuthus founded four towns in the northeastern part of Attica, Oenoe, Marathon, Probalinthus, and Tricorynthus, gathering inhabitants from surrounding areas. [5]
In 1442 BC, Xuthus migrated to Aegialus (later Achaia) in the northern part of the Peloponnesus peninsula, where he died. [6]
2 Achaeus, son of Xuthus
Achaeus was the eldest son of Xuthus, son of Hellen, and Creusa, daughter of Erechtheus, the fourth king of Athens. [7]
Achaeus emigrated with his father from Athens to Primorye in the northern part of the Peloponnesus peninsula, then called Aegialus, and succeeded his father. [8]
In 1435 BC, Achaeus, with the help of the Athenians, invaded Thessaly, which had driven out his father, and returned to Melitaea. [9]
In 1420 BC, a large group led by Cadmus passed through Thessaly, and the confusion caused Achaeus to migrate again from Melitaea to Aegialus. [10]
Achaeus had two sons, Archander and Architeles. [11]
2.1 Archander, son of Achaeus
Archander married Cyrene, daughter of Hypseus, who ruled near Mount Pelion in eastern Thessaly, and they had a son, Aristaeus. [12]
In 1420 BC, Archander emigrated from Melitaea to Aegialus and took as his second wife Scaea, daughter of Danaus from Argos. [13]
In 1408 BC, Danaus' successor, Lynceus, died and his infant son Abas succeeded to Argos. [14]
Lamedon, son of Gelanor, son of Sthenelas, who had been driven from Argos by Danaus, occupied Argos. [15]
Lamedon was exiled to Aegialeia (later Sicyon), where his same race lived. [16]
Abas, the son of Lynceus, who was chased from Argos, fled to Phocis and founded Abae. [17]
In 1407 BC, Archander fought Lamedon to retake Argos and recall Abas.
Archander became Abas' guardian and moved to Argos. [18]
Archander's wife was Abas's mother's sister, and Archander was Abas's uncle-in-law.
In 1402 BC, Archander moved to the NileDelta in Egypt when Abas came of age, and founded the town of Cyrene (later Archandropolis). Archander was accompanied not only by his wife Scaea, but also by his first wife Cyrene and her son Aristaeus. [19]
Archander and Scaea had a son named Metanastes, and it is assumed that they also had another son named Belus. [20]
2.1.1 Aristaeus, son of Archander
There are no historical sources that tell us that Aristaeus was the son of Archander, but when I create a genealogy, I find that
1) Aristaeus' mother Cyrene and Archander were born in similar years.
2) Cyrene and Archander, both of marriageable age, lived in Thessaly at the same time.
3) Both Cyrene and Archander had moved to Libya. [21]
From the above, it is assumed that Archander's wife was Cyrene and that Aristaeus was their son.
Cyrene's father Hypseus was the son of Xuthus' brother Aeolus, who had exiled Archander's grandfather Xuthus. Hypseus and Achaeus appear to have had their children married in order to maintain friendly relations.
In 1388 BC, Aristaeus moved to the island of Ceos. [22]
Part of the migration included Lycaon's descendants, the Parrhasians. [23]
In 1372 BC, Aristaeus returned to Egypt from Ceos Island and once again led a group of immigrants to Ichnussa (later Sardinia) on the western side of the Italian peninsula. [24]
Before Aristaeus, Sardus, the son of Maceris, led a group of immigrants to the island from the Egyptian town of Canopus. [25]
2.1.2 Why Belus is thought to be Archander's son
Belus is the progenitor of the Ethiopians mentioned as a force led by Memnon during the Trojan War, and is presumed to be the son of Archander. The estimated reasons are as follows. [26]
Belus had two sons.
One was Cepheus, who fathered Andromeda, the wife of Perseus, the son of Danae, the daughter of Acrisius of Argos. [27]
The other was Phineus, who became the husband of Idaea, daughter of Dardanus of Troy. [28]
Cepheus lived around the mouth of the Aesepus River, about 130 km east-northeast of Dardanus in the northwestern part of the Anatolian Peninsula. There, in the village of Memnon, was the tomb of Memnon, son of Tithonus, who led the Ethiopians during the Trojan War. [29]
It is assumed that the Ethiopians, whose ancestors were Belus, were so called because their physique and appearance resembled the Ethiopians who lived in the south of Egypt.
Therefore, it is assumed that Belus was an Egyptian immigrant and the son of Archander, who migrated from the Peloponnesus Peninsula to Egypt's Nile Delta and founded Archandropolis. [30]
2.1.3 Belus, son of Archander
In 1390 BC, Belus led a group of immigrants from Egypt to the Peloponnesus peninsula and joined the expedition of Aeetes of Corinth. [31]
Corinth, which had just been founded by Sisyphus, son of Aeolus, was also attacked by a tsunami. Aeetes, the son of Sisyphus, and Archander were of the same race, having a common ancestor, Hellen, the son of Deucalion.
In the battle between Archander and Sicyon in 1407 BC, Sisyphus and Aeetes fought alongside Archander. [32]
The Aeetes emigrants moved north through the Aegean Sea, passed through the Straits of Hellespontos, and entered the Propontis Sea.
Belus, who led a group of Egyptian immigrants, found a suitable location in the Aesepus River basin, just before Cyzicus, and settled there.
The Belus settlement became known as Ethiopia.
Ancient historical sources tell us that Ethiopia was located south of Egypt, within the kingdom of Assyria, in Susa, and Syria. [33]
In the description of Ethiopia, the following Ethiopia referred to the region of the Aesepus river basin.
1) Birthplace of Andromeda, wife of Perseus, son of Danae. [34]
2) Birthplace of Cissia, wife of Priam's brother Tithonus. [35]
3) The birthplace of the people Memnon led during the Trojan War. [36]
It is said that Memnon was killed by Achilles and his body was taken to his homeland of Ethiopia and buried with care. Memnon's tomb was located on a hill upstream from the mouth of the Aesepus River, near which was the village of Memnon. [37]
This means that Ethiopia, the homeland of Andromeda, Cissia, and Memnon, was located in the Aesepus River basin.
2.2 Architeles, son of Achaeus
Architeles married Automate, daughter of Danaus. [38]
Architeles fought Sicyon with his brother Archander, but his fate after that is unknown. [39]
3 The extent of the Achaeans' habitat
3.1 Emigration from Aegialus to Argos
In 1407 BC, when the battle between Argos and Sicyon broke out, the sons of Achaeus fought for the Argives. [40]
Archander, victorious in the battle, took guardianship of Abas, the son of Lynceus, and lived in Argos. At that time, many Achaeans migrated from Aegialus to Argos. [41]
Abas was the son of Archander's wife Scaea's sister Hypermnestra, and Archander was Abas's uncle-in-law.
3.2 Emigration from Thessaly to Corinth
After the battle with Sicyon, Sisyphus, son of Aeolus, who sided with Archander, migrated from Arne in Thessaly to the east of Sicyon and founded Ephyra (later Corinth). [42]
Aeolus, the father of Sisyphus, was the brother of Xuthus, the father of Archander's father Achaeus, and Sisyphus was a cousin of Archander's father.
Sisyphus led many Aeolians from Thessaly and founded the city.
The Aeolians of Corinth continued to live there until 1075 BC, when they were driven out by the Dorians, led by Aletes, son of Hippotes. [43]
3.3 Emigration from Thessaly to Amyclae
In 1351 BC, Amyclas son of Lacedaemon took Diomede, daughter of Lapithus, from Thessaly as his wife. [44]
Accompanying Diomede, the Aeolians who lived in Thessaly migrated to Amyclae. [45]
3.4 Emigration from Messenia to Pharis
In 1256 BC, Icarius, son of Oebalus, founded Pharis south of Sparta. [46]
Icarius took as his wife Dorodoche, daughter of Orsilochus, from Pharae of Messenia. [47]
Pharae was a town founded by Pharis, the father of Telegon, the mother of Orsilochus. [48]
The father of Orsilochus was Pisus, son of Perieres, founder of Pisa of Eleia.
Pisus, along with many Aeolians, was expelled from Pisa by Oenomaus and moved to Pharae, founded by Pharis, the father of his wife Telegon.
Accompanying Dorodoche, the Aeolians who lived in Pharae migrated to Pharis.
4 Achaeans of Thessaly
During Xerxes' invasion of Greece in the 5th century BC, Phthiotis in Thessaly was inhabited by the Achaeans. [49]
It was in Pharsalus that the Achaeans continued to live after the invasion of Thessaly by the Thesprotians.
After the Trojan War, the inhabitants of Phthia, where Achilles and Neoptolemus lived, left their old town and built a new town called Pharsalus. [50]
The Pharsalians rebuilt the city of Halus, which was founded by Athamas, son of Aeolus, but washed away by the tsunami, and made it into a colony. [51]
Halus defected from Pharsalus, but the Pharsalians recaptured it with the help of Philip of Macedonia. [52]
From then on, Pharsalus was allied with Macedonia, and took part in cavalry during Alexander the Great's expeditions to the east. [53]
In 454 BC, the Athenians, along with the Boeotians and Phocians, attacked Pharsalus, but were repulsed by cavalry. [54]
5 Achaeans of Peloponnesus
5.1 Achaeans of Sparta
Some Achaeans continued to live in Sparta, which was ruled by the Dorians. He is a descendant of Talthybius, the messenger of Agamemnon. They had the privilege of being messengers for generations. [55]
5.2 Achaeans of Arcadia
Orestes, son of Agamemnon, took possession of most of Arcadia and settled in Tegea. [56]
The Achaeans, who migrated to Arcadia with the Orestes, are thought to have continued to live there even after the return of the Heracleidae to Peloponnesus. During the Messenian War, the Arcadians supported the Messenians in their fight against the Spartans. [57]
5.3 Achaeans of Messenia
In 1405 BC, Polycaon, son of Lelex the Lacedaemon, migrated to Messenia and founded Andania. A large number of people from Argos, the birthplace of Polycaon's wife Messene, took part in the construction of the town. [58]
These people were the Achaeans who had migrated with Archander from Thessaly via Aegialus to Argos some time ago.
Later, when the descendants of Polycaon died out, the inhabitants of Andania received an heir of the city from Thessaly. [59]
The inhabitants of Andania, in Messenia, were inhabited by the Achaeans, without being driven out by the Dorians. Aristomenes, who led the Messenians, and many of the young men who fought against the Spartans, were from Andania. [60]
5.4 Achaeans of Achaia
In 1112 BC, the Dorians, led by the Heracleidae, invaded the lands of the Achaeans, who migrated to the northern part of the Peloponnesus peninsula. They drove out the Ionians and settled in the area, which became known as Achaia. [61]
The dominion of the descendants of Tisamenus, son of Orestes, who migrated to the region of Achaia, continued until the time of the sons of Ogygus. However, dissatisfied with the tyrannical rule of the sons of Ogygus, the Achaeans converted to democracy. [62]
In 545 BC, Battus of Cyrene invited Demonax from Mantineia to reform the state. At this time, the state system of Mantineia was famous. [63]
Around 500 BC, a people who revolted against the sect of Pythagoras adopted a system of laws from Achaia.
Therefore, it is assumed that the Achaeans adopted democracy and established a national system in the 6th century BC, and that the descendants of Tisamenus ruled the Achaeans until that time.
6 Achaeans who migrated from Peloponnesus
6.1 Tiryns to Rhodes
In 1213 BC, Tlepolemus, son of Heracles and Astyoche, daughter of Phyleus, migrated to Rhodes and founded Lindus, Ilysus (Ialysus), and Cameirus. [64]
Tlepolemus' immigrant band included the Achaeans of Tiryns. [65]
In 585 BC, Solon of Athens helped found a town in Cilicia, which was named Soli after Solon. [66]
Settlers (Achaeans and Rhodians) from Lindus of Rhodes participated in the construction of the town. [67]
These settlers were sent by Cleobulus, the son of Euagoras of Lindus, who was associated with Solon. [68]
6.2 Amyclae to Melos Island
In 1070 BC, the inhabitants of Amyclae, the last remaining Achaean town in Laconia, fought stubbornly against the Dorians. [69]
Amyclae was acquired by Philonomus in a backroom deal with the Heracleidae as a reward for persuading Orestes' son Tisamenus to move to Achaia. [70]
Philonomus was one of the Minyans who migrated from Lemnos to Lacedaemon in 1115 BC, chased by the Pelasgians. [71]
In 1070 BC, a group of immigrants led by Apodasmos, believed to be the son of Philonomus, settled on Melos Island. [72]
6.3 Achaia to Italy Peninsula
In 734 BC, Myscellus, son of Alemon of the Rhypes of Achaia, led the Achaeans to migrate to the southern part of the Italian peninsula and found Croton. [73]
Archias, son of Euagetus of Corinth, assisted in the construction of Myscellus. [74]
6.4 Mycenae to Macedonia
In 468 BC, the Argives raided and captured Mycenae. [75]
Most of the Achaeans who lived in Mycenae emigrated to Alexander, son of Amyntas, king of Macedonia. [76]
Alexander was a descendant of Perseus, the founder of Mycenae. [77]
7 Origin of the name Achaeans
Achaeans was named after Achaeus, son of Xuthus. [78]
Pausanias tells us that the sons of Achaeus ruled over both Argos and Lacedaemon, so that the inhabitants of that region came to be called Achaeans. [79]
Indeed, there seems to have been a time when Archander, the son of Achaeus, ruled over Argos as the guardian of Abas, the son of Lynceus. [80]
But at that time Lacedaemon was ruled by Eurotas, the son of Myles. [81]
It is likely that the people living in Argolis and Laconia began to be called Achaeans when the two grandsons of Atreus of Mycenae took control of both regions.
In other words, it seems that the Achaeans were not people like the Pelasgians who migrated on a tribal basis, but people who were under the control of the descendants of Atreus.
Among the Achaeans were the Mycenaeans, Lacedaemonians, Argives, and Aeolians.
8 Ahhiyawa of Hittite Texts
It seems to be common knowledge that Ahhiyawa, which appears in Hittite Texts, means Achaeans. [82]
Ahhiyawa is first mentioned in the Indictment of Madduwatta (CTH 147).
It states that Madduwatta was attacked by Attarsiya of Ahhiyawa and defected to the Hittite king Tudhaliya I. [83]
Considering the reign of Tudhaliya I, Ahhiyawa existed before 1400 BC.
In 1420 BC, Achaeus, the eponym of the Achaeans, returned from Thessaly to Aegialus. [84]
At this time, even though they called themselves Achaeans, their inhabited area was limited to the northern part of the Peloponnesus Peninsula.
In 1407 BC, Archander, the son of Achaeus, became the guardian of Abas, the son of his wife's sister, and moved to Argos, but the Achaeans' range of residence only increased in Argos. [85]
Mycenae, the Mycenaean equivalent of Achaeans, had not yet been founded by Perseus.
The founding of Mycenae by Perseus, grandson of Acrisius of Argos, was in 1330 BC. [86]
In 1205 BC, Atreus' grandson Menelaus was transferred the throne of Lacedaemon by his wife's father Tyndareus. [87]
In 1203 BC, Atreus' grandson Agamemnon ascended the throne of Mycenae. [88]
Agamemnon brought many towns under his control from Argolis to Messenia. [89]
The golden age of the Achaeans was the reign of Agamemnon (1203-1168 BC), who succeeded Atreus. [90]
As mentioned above, the Achaeans did not exist before 1400 BC, or even if they did exist, it is highly unlikely that they had influence until Asia Minor.
The Ahhiyawa that appear in Hittite Texts do not appear to be Achaeans.
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